Body: |
Sacred Passover Meals in Synagogues: Lord's Supper
First Century Synagogues and churches
"On this Rock, I will build My church"
Ancient Synagogue Worship and the Church
Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church.
SACRED MEALS, NO COMMON MEALS IN SYNAGOGUES
A. Communal meals and food preparation: Passover, unleavened bread ovens:
"maẓẓot"
1. Three times a year the Jews would have sacred meals like the
Passover:
a. "Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying, 'On
the tenth of this month they are each one to take a lamb for themselves,
according to their fathers' households, a lamb for each household. 'Now
if the household is too small for a lamb, then he and his neighbor nearest
to his house are to take one according to the number of persons in them;
according to what each man should eat, you are to divide the lamb. 'Your
lamb shall be an unblemished male a year old; you may take it from the
sheep or from the goats. 'You shall keep it until the fourteenth day of
the same month, then the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel is to
kill it at twilight. 'Moreover, they shall take some of the blood and put
it on the two doorposts and on the lintel of the houses in which they eat
it. 'They shall eat the flesh that same night, roasted with fire, and
they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. 'Do not eat any
of it raw or boiled at all with water, but rather roasted with fire, both
its head and its legs along with its entrails. 'And you shall not leave
any of it over until morning, but whatever is left of it until morning, you
shall burn with fire. 'Now you shall eat it in this manner: with your
loins girded, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and
you shall eat it in haste-it is the Lord's Passover." (Exodus
12:3-11)
b. "These services included: social and political gatherings,
religious instruction, Torah reading and prayer, col-lecting monies for
the Temple and for local needs, communal meals, a hostel, as well as a
local archive. ... At the New Moon or the end of the Sabbath, the synagogue
or an adjacent room served as a dining room." (Ancient Synagogues -
Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research, Rachel Hachlili,
p17, 2013 AD)
2. The unleavened bread is called "maẓẓot" and is baked
by the Jews in their synagogues.
a. PASSOVER MAZZOT BREAD: "Now it does not please me that
such decrees should be made against our friends and confederates, whereby
they are forbidden to live according to their own customs, or to bring in
contributions for common suppers and holy festivals, while they are not
forbidden so to do even at Rome itself; for even Caius Caesar, our
imperator and consul, in that decree wherein he forbade the Bacchanal
rioters to meet in the city, did yet permit these Jews and these only, both
to bring in their contributions, and to make their common suppers."
(Josephus, Antiquities 14.214-215)
b. Non-religious, social, "Common meals" were not eaten
inside Synagogues but dining halls were often located directly adjacent or
near the worship hall.
c. Early synagogues did have adjoining areas where sacred meals
were eaten on Passover etc.
d. Early synagogues may have been used for weddings as seen in
the 6 empty stoneware pots at the Cana wedding of John 2. Stoneware was
used specifically for Jewish ritual purity. The last supper of Jesus was
probably served with stoneware cups and plates. The fact that they were
empty, indicates they were not used as part of the catering of the wedding
but were in a room adjoining the synagogue.
e. When Josephus says common suppers, he does not mean a
"common meal" like a pot luck for social purposes, but COMMUNAL meals
that everyone partook of like the Passover or the Communion in the church.
Remember the Greek word for "Communion" used for the Lord's supper
means a "communal sharing".
3. SYNAGOGUE KITCHENS: "Mazzot Ovens"
a. Maẓẓot is unleavened bread baked by the Jews in their
synagogues. It was important to first century ritual purity.
b. Kitchens in church buildings and synagogues are AUTHORIZED as
long as you only use it to bake the "Passover Mazzot" and the
"Communion unleavened bread" for the sacred services.
c. Several synagogues had ovens: Masada, Ostia room G.
Archeological Excavation Top plans and Details for Masada and Ostia
4. Delos 54 BC: "Julius Caius, praetor [consul] of Rome, to the
magistrates, senate, and people of the Parians, sendeth greeting. The Jews
of Delos, and some other Jews that sojourn there in the presence of your
ambassadors, signified to us, that, by a decree of yours, you forbid them
to make use of the customs of their forefathers, and their way of sacred
worship. (214) Now it does not please me that such decrees should be made
against our friends and confederates, whereby they are forbidden to live
according to their own customs, or to bring in contributions for common
suppers and holy festivals, while they are not forbidden so to do even at
Rome itself; (215) for even Caius Caesar, our imperator and consul, in that
decree wherein he forbade the Bacchanal rioters to meet in the city, did
yet permit these Jews and these only, both to bring in their contributions,
and to make their common suppers.." (Josephus, Antiquities 14.213-215,
decree 54 BC)
a. "It is difficult to determine the nature of these
[mentioned by Josephus in Antiquities 14.214] meals. Were they holiday
feasts, meals for transients and visitors, or events sponsored by local
Jewish associations or individuals? Alternatively, they might have been
regular communal gatherings on the Sabbath and perhaps New Moon. Or perhaps
they were all of the above in various permutations over time and place.
Whatever the case, one fact remains eminently clear from the documents
quoted by Josephus: These meals were recognized by Romans and Jews alike as
important communal activities that played an integral part in the corporate
life of the Jews." (The Ancient Synagogue, Lee Levine, p141, 1999 AD)
5. Synagogues and first century church assemblies were for
SPIRITUAL ACTIVITIES ONLY: Common meals were not permitted in synagogues
a. "The rabbis taught: [Regarding] synagogues: One may not
behave in a lightheaded manner in them; one may not eat in them; and one
may not drink in them; and may not dress up in them; and one may not stroll
in them; and one may not enter them in the [season of the] sun, because of
the sun, or in the [season of the] rain, because of rain; and one may not
conduct mourning in them for an individual. But one may read [i.e., the
Bible] in them; and one may study [i.e., the Mishnah] in them; and one may
conduct public mourning there." (Babylonian Talmud, b. Meg. 4:4,
I.1.A-C)
b. "MISHNAH-TRACTATE MEGILLAH 4:4 A. MOREOVER, SAID RABBI
JUDAH: A SYNAGOGUE THAT HAS BEEN DESTROYED: ONE MAY NOT MOURN IN IT; AND
ONE MAY NOT SPREAD OUT ROPES IN IT; AND ONE MAY NOT SPREAD TRAPS IN IT; AND
ONE MAY NOT SPREAD FRUIT ON ITS ROOF TO DRY: 1. I:1: The rabbis taught:
Regarding synagogues: One may not behave in a lightheaded manner in them;
one may not eat in them; and one may not drink in them; and may not dress
up in them; and one may not stroll in them; and one may not enter them in
the season of the sun, because of the sun, or in the season of the rain,
because of rain; and one may not conduct mourning in them for an
individual. But one may read i.e., the Bible in them; and one may study the
Mishnah in them; and one may conduct public mourning there. Said R. Judah:
When? When they are populated; But when they are destroyed, one must leave
them alone, and blades of grass grow in them, but one should not pluck them
out, because of anguish (T 2:18). a. I:2: The synagogues in Babylonia are
built on condition, and even so, one should not conduct oneself
lightheadedly in them. b. I:3: And one should not get dressed up there:
Said Rava: Sages and their students are permitted to do so, as said R.
Joshua ben Levi: What is the meaning of the "house of the rabbis"? The
home of the rabbis. c. I:4: and one may not enter them in the season of
the sun because of the sun, or in the season of the rain, because of rain:
Similarly, Ravina and Rav Ada bar Matana were standing and asking Rava a
question. A downpour came; they entered the synagogue." (Babylonian
Talmud, b. Meg. 4:4, I.1-I.5)
c. "A And further did R. Judah state, "A synagogue which
was destroyed-they do not (1) carry out a lamentation for the dead in it.
B "And they do not (2) twist ropes in it, C "and they do not (3)
spread out nets [to dry] in it, D "and they do not (4) spread out
produce on its roof, E "and they do not (5) make it into a public
shortcut. F "For it is written, I will bring your sanctuaries to
desolation (Lev. 26:31)- G "they remain sanctified even when they are
desolated. H "If grass grew up in it, one should not cut it, because of
grief."" (Mishnah, m. Megilla 3:3)
d. "Said R. Hiyya bar Ba, "R. Yohanan cursed the women who
spread out their clothing [to dry] over the airspace of a schoolhouse."
[III:1 A] [With reference to M. 3:3/I,] Samuel said, "If one entered a
synagogue not in order to use it as a shortcut, it is permitted to use it
as a shortcut." [III:2 A] It has been taught [in the Tosefta's
version]: Synagogues-they do not behave with them frivolously. [B] One
should not go into them on a hot day on account of the heat, or on a cold
because of the cold, or on a rainy day because of the rain. [C] They to
not eat or drink in them, nor to they sleep in them, nor do they take a
stroll in them, nor to they derive benefit from them. [D] But they read
[Scripture] in them, repeat [Mishnah-traditions] in them, and expound
[biblical lessons] in them [T. Meg. 2:18A-D]. [III:3 A] R. Joshua b.
Levi said, "Synagogues and schoolhouses belong to sages and their
disciples." (Jerusalem Talmud, y. Meg. 3:3, II.1.B-III.3.A)
B. REPLACEMENT THEOLOGY: Yearly Jewish Passover is REPLACED by weekly
Christian communion:
1. Weekly Church communion replaced yearly Jewish Passover
a. WEEKLY COMMUNION SERVICE: "On the first day of the week,
when we were gathered together to break bread, Paul began talking to them,
intending to leave the next day, and he prolonged his message until
midnight." (Acts 20:7)
b. COMMUNION UNLEAVENED BREAD: "For I received from the Lord that
which I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus in the night in which He
was betrayed took bread; and when He had given thanks, He broke it and
said, "This is My body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of
Me." In the same way He took the cup also after supper, saying, "This
cup is the new covenant in My blood; do this, as often as you drink it, in
remembrance of Me." For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup,
you proclaim the Lord's death until He comes. Therefore whoever eats the
bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner, shall be guilty
of the body and the blood of the Lord. But a man must examine himself, and
in so doing he is to eat of the bread and drink of the cup. For he who eats
and drinks, eats and drinks judgment to himself if he does not judge the
body rightly." (1 Corinthians 11:23-29)
c. The Lord's Supper is a memorial meal that remembers Jesus
"passing over" our sins with His blood He shed on the cross just like
Passover is a memorial meal that remembers the 10th plague of Egypt when
the death angel saw the blood on the doors and "passed over" and let
them live.
d. It is important to remember that Moses commanded an annual
Passover meal.
e. Using the Synagogue for this meal would be as authorized as
the Lord's Supper in the church every Sunday.
2. Common meals forbidden on synagogue or church property: 1
Corinthians 11:34
a. The early Christians and Jews at their common meals BEFORE
or AFTER the Sabbath/Sunday assembly except when Jews had annual sacred
Passover meals under divine direction.
b. "If anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, so that you will
not come together for judgment." (1 Corinthians 11:34)
c. The first century Christians and Jews DID NOT use their
meeting areas as profane food consumption facilities.
3. SOCIAL GOSPEL FORBIDDEN: Using the church for social,
entertainment or secular reasons violates law:
a. These principles are true if the synagogue/church is owned,
rented or in a public park.
b. Synagogues and churches are not a place for entertainment and
jokes: "One may not behave in a lightheaded manner in them" (b. Meg.
4:4)
c. Synagogues and churches are not places for fashion
statements. The focus is on the inward spiritual not the outward carnal:
"may not dress up in them" (b. Meg. 4:4)
d. Synagogues and churches are places of public funerals but not
private mourning. Again the focus is on collective no individual activity:
"one may not conduct mourning in them for an individual ... and one may
conduct public mourning there [funeral service]" (b. Meg. 4:4)
e. Synagogues and churches are not to be used for relief of
public social assistance "one may not enter them in the [season of the]
sun, because of the sun, or in the [season of the] rain, because of rain"
(b. Meg. 4:4)
f. "Synagogues and churches are not to be used for secular
activities: "And they do not (2) twist ropes in it, C "and they do
not (3) spread out nets [to dry] in it, D "and they do not (4) spread
out produce on its roof" (Mishnah, m. Megilla 3:3)
g. Synagogues were unused and empty most of the time just like
churches
4. "USING THE SYNAGOGUE ONLY A FEW HOURS A WEEK BAD STEWARDSHIP
OF THE LORD'S MONEY"
a. These rules were in force in early synagogues in spite of
those who argued "the Lord's money was not being used to its
fullest".
b. Synagogues and church buildings are for the sacred not the
common.
5. We must have Bible authority for everything we do in the
church:
a. We have no authority today in the church to use the Lord's
money for church kitchen's used to prepare pot luck's and common meals.
b. We do have authority for church kitchens used exclusively for
preparing the Lord's supper by baking the unleavened bread in a church
owned oven and keeping the grape juice cold in a church owned fridge.
c. A church building is for prayer, Bible reading, teaching,
singing, communion and taking a freewill offering of money. Anything more
than this is sin.
a. This Jewish practice of eating before or after worship
is common in churches today in the practice of:
b. Driving to restaurants after church
c. worshipping in a house living room then moving to
kitchen to eat: it's a private house not funded by the church.
d. worshipping in basement floor of house them moving to main
floor for pot luck: it's a private house not supported from the church
treasury.
6. Ancient synagogues were never used for secular purposes and
early churches followed this pattern.
7. Secular meals in the church building forbidden: 1 Corinthians
11:20-34
a. "Therefore when you meet together, it is not to eat the
Lord's Supper, for in your eating each one takes his own supper first;
and one is hungry and another is drunk. What! Do you not have houses in
which to eat and drink? Or do you despise the church of God and shame those
who have nothing? What shall I say to you? Shall I praise you? In this I
will not praise you. ... "So then, my brethren, when you come together to
eat, wait for one another. If anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, so
that you will not come together for judgment. The remaining matters I will
arrange when I come." (1 Corinthians 11:20-34)
b. "Therefore whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the
Lord in an unworthy manner, shall be guilty of the body and the blood of
the Lord. But a man must examine himself, and in so doing he is to eat of
the bread and drink of the cup. For he who eats and drinks, eats and drinks
judgment to himself if he does not judge the body rightly. For this reason
many among you are weak and sick, and a number sleep. But if we judged
ourselves rightly, we would not be judged. But when we are judged, we are
disciplined by the Lord so that we will not be condemned along with the
world." (1 Corinthians 11:27-32)
c. IMPORTANT POINT FOR CHRISTIANS: While Jews arrived HUNGRY at
the synagogue to be filled by their annual sacred Passover meals that
included roasted lamb, unleavened bread and unleavened grape juice,
Christians were to EAT AT HOME and arrive at the church UNHUNGRY then eat
the sacred weekly unleavened communion bread the grape juice.
8. Notice the Jews used unleavened grape juice in their Passover
meals:
a. see full outline
b. Using wine or grape juice with any leaven is unscriptural and
a violation of how Christians are to break bread in weekly communion!
9. There is no authority to use the church treasury money for
entertainment purposes.
a. It is unscriptural to refer to church pot luck meals as
"fellowship" since the word is never used as such in the Greek New
Testament AND always applies to the spiritual relationship between
Christians and God.
b. The Jewish Mishnah and Talmud both do not allow common meals
eaten in the synagogues.
10. Finally, notice that the very first "church building" was the
Jerusalem Temple for very first Christians shortly after the Day of
Pentecost in 33 AD, but they ate their common meals separate from the place
of worship in homes:
a. "Day by day continuing with one mind in the temple, and
breaking bread from house to house, they were taking their meals together
with gladness and sincerity of heart," (Acts 2:46)
b. Food is a great way of developing close personal
relationships with your fellow brothers and sisters in Christ, do Bible
things in Bible ways and keep common meals separate from the church
building.
C. Application for the church today:
1. Its ok for the church to have a food bank for benevolence, as
long as it is for Christians only and widows who meet the strict criteria
of 1 Tim 5. If you want to help non-Christian widows, sell your house and
give them the money or start a privately funded old folks home.
2. Its ok the church to run a hostile for visiting out of town
Christians and preachers for gospel meetings but its not ok to start a
hotel that charges discounted rates to random European backpackers
travelling the world for fun. Many churches have church owned manses.
3. Its ok for the church to have storage buildings for scripture,
books, bible libraries but its not ok to start a public "U-Store It"
business. Most churches have libraries and storage rooms.
4. Its ok for the church to have civic style meetings for
non-spiritual matters that directly relate to Christians (Acts 6), but its
not ok to allow outside civic governments to use the church as a polling
station for modern elections or all candidates meetings for city mayor.
Disputing local members will often meet with the elders at the church
building to resolve civic disputes.
5. Its ok for the church to get members to donate household goods
and clothing for other local needy members, but its not ok to start a
public thrift store that accepts donations from non-Christians to resell
the goods for profit that is used to fund the construction of new church
buildings or missionaries oversees or Bibles.
6. Its ok for a church to have a fridge and stone in the church
building as long at it is used exclusively to bake the communion unleavened
bread and keep the grape juice cold so it doesn't spoil. Most churches
have a fridge to store the Lord's supper elements.
7. Its ok for money from the church treasury to be given to for
occasional "one time needs" of any Christian anywhere, but it never ok
to give a single dollar to any non-Christian from the church treasury.
Churches regularly give money for medical emergencies of members.
8. Its ok for one church to send money to another church oversees
to help the local Christians recover from disaster relief, it is not ok for
any church to give money to the red cross or any generic relief agency.
Christians are free to donate privately to the Red Cross.
9. Its ok for one church to send money to another recipient
church where members are in need of humanitarian relief, but its not ok to
send the money to rebuild African towns, build secular schools and provide
medical aid for non-Christians. Benevolence from the church treasury cannot
be used to support non-Christians the same way Jews only gave their
benevolence to fellow needy Jews.
10. Its ok for a larger wealthy church to send money to a smaller needy
church but its never ok for many smaller churches to send money to one
larger and more wealthy "sponsoring church" that has much more money in
its own church treasury, than all the smaller churches. A small
"poorer" church sending money to a larger "richer" church is
directly opposite to the New Testament pattern, without scriptural
authority and always wrong regardless of the "greater good" being done.
11. Its ok for a local church to spend money for evangelism but its never
ok for many smaller churches to send their money a larger "sponsoring
church" to create a pool of money to run a multimillion dollar national
evangelism program on behalf of the many church churches. This is a
violation of autonomy and is without any Bible authority.
12. Its ok for the church to have a full government certified kitchen,
complete with halon fire extinguishing system, as long as the only food
they prepare is the unleavened bread and grape juice for communion or
qualified widows as per 1 Tim 5. While such a kitchen may be authorized,
all would agree it is an outrageous waste of the Lord's money which could
be spent in other areas. However, a congregation of 10,000 Christians would
likely save time and money by having a large church kitchen with multiple
ovens to bake the unleavened bread and bunker style fridges to store the
grape juice and commercial dishwashers for washing communion cups for the
for weekly communion.
13. Its ok for the church to gather for meals, as long as all the members
already ate at home and are not hungry before they arrive to eat the
Lord's Supper. While synagogues gathered three times a year for sacred
"full meals" of lamb that satisfied hunger, such was outlawed by the
Holy Spirit in the church.
14. Its ok for a the church to install a passenger pigeon coop for
communications, but today, its probably better to install phones in the
offices and the internet at the pulpit, given it is much faster and way
less messy.
15. Its ok to dig a well and install a drinking water fountain in the
church building for members but its not ok for a church to install clean
drinking water wells for non-Christians in third world towns that are dying
from thirst. If you really care, you are free to sell your house, fly over
and save the town with your own personal money by digging local water
wells.
16. Its ok for a church to run a fully accredited university, as long as
it is "tuition free" and funded only through weekly freewill offerings
of Christians Sunday morning and teaches only Bible classes.
17. Its ok for a church to install a mikveh (baptistry) but its not ok
for a church to construct an Olympic size public swimming to attract
outside young families to the Sunday services by offering midweek swimming
lessons for half the going rate at other civic swimming pools. The church
should not be in competition with the local YMCA in providing social needs
of the local non-Christian community.
By Steve Rudd 2017: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections
Quick links
Ancient Synagogues
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By Steve Rudd 2017: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections
Quick links:
Master introduction: Summary overview is the place to start to tie it all together.
Providence: God's eternal plan: The providential transition from Temple to Synagogue to Church
Origin: Synagogues originated at Alexandria Egypt in 280 BC spawned by the Septuagint
Jesus the Messiah of the Tanakh:
1. First Century Jewish Messianic Expectation: As witnessed in the Dead Sea scrolls.
2. Looking for the wrong thing: Mistaken Jewish ideas of the Messiah in 30 AD.
3. Jesus fulfilled Prophecy: Master list of fulfilled messianic prophecies
4. Jesus fulfilled Prophecy: "He shall be called a Nazarene (branch)" Matthew 2:23
5. Jesus fulfilled Prophecy: "Jesus would rise the third day" 1 Corinthians 15:3-4
Synagogue Architectural Prototypes in the Church:
1. Standard architectural synagogue typology: Introduction, Master Chart
2. Mikveh for Ritual Purity: The Christian Maker
3. Ritual purity stone Vessels: Stoneware cups and wash basins
4. Freestanding Columns: Antitype of Christians
5. Artwork: Heart-Shaped Columns
6. The bema: Prototype of the Church Pulpit
7. Synagogue Benches: Metaphor of Equality in Christ
8. Women Seating in Synagogues: Not segregated from men
9. The Moses' Seat: Metaphor of Pride
10. Niches & Ark of The Scrolls: Prototype of Church Apse
11. Table of the Scrolls: Prototype of Communion Table
12. Byzantine Church Architecture: Octagonal and Basilica
13. Orientation: Early Synagogues did not Point to Jerusalem
14. The Church replaced the Temple: Replacement theology is pure Christianity
Synagogue Worship Prototypes in the Church:
15. Worship prototypes: Introduction and Master Summary Chart
16. Collective Names of Synagogues: House of Prayer, Temple, Church
17. Organization of Synagogues: Elders, officials, attendants, Independent, autonomous
18. Attendance: Weekly Sabbath Assemblies in Synagogues absent from Tanakh
19. Public Bible readings: Preaching and Teaching In Synagogues
20. Greek Septuagint: The Standard Tanakh of every ancient synagogue
21. Greek Septuagint scroll of the Twelve Minor Prophets written in 50 BC
22. Prayer in Synagogues: "House of prayer" Proseuche
23. Food: Sacred Passover Meals, No Common Meals In Synagogues
24. Sermon Topics in Synagogues: How Christians used the Tanakh to convert Jews
25. Singing in Synagogues: Non-Instrumental Acapella Responsive Singing
26. Benevolence Money: Freewill Weekly First fruits Collections for poor in Synagogues
27. Education: Schools and Literacy of Jews In Synagogues
28. Role of Women in Synagogues: Never leaders, preachers but never segregated
29. Sanctuary Status: Refugees seeking Asylum in Synagogues
30. Appendages: Hostels, Housing and Food Banks in Synagogues
31. Civil Court: Judgements, beatings and scourging in Synagogues
32. Civic Meetings: Political Town Hall assemblies in Synagogues
33. Christians replaced Jews: Replacement theology is pure Christianity
Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD)= Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date
Allusions: Synagogue worship allusions and imagery in the New Testament
Master builder Stonemason Jesus: "Upon this Rock I will build My church"
Everyday life: Archeology of Everyday Life and Homes at the time of Jesus
Master List: Master list of First Temple Period, Pre-70 AD Synagogues
Attend a church you can read about in the Bible: Click here to find a church near you.
By Steve Rudd 2017: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections
Go to:
Master Synagogue List
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Jewish Messianic Expectations in DSS
Go to:
Map of Synagogue Sites
Excavations
Inscriptions
Literature
Go to:
Synagogue Excavations
Go to:
Synagogue Inscriptions
Go to:
Synagogue Literary Sources
Jesus Master Builder of the Church/Temple
Archeology of First Century Houses
By Steve Rudd 2017: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections
Jesus your messiah is waiting for you to come home!
Why not worship with a first century New Testament church near you, that has the same look and feel as the Jewish Synagogue in your own home town. As a Jew, you will find the transition as easy today as it was for the tens of thousands of your forefathers living in Jerusalem 2000 years ago when they believed in Jesus the Nazarene (the branch) as their messiah. It's time to come home!
Click here to find a church near you.
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