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101:

Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 ... When the inscriptions were read, we discovered that they provided clear evidence that Kuntillet Ajrud was not merely a resting place for desert travelers but was principally a religious center. The inscriptions contain the names of El and Yahweh, words for God used in the Hebrew Bible. Yahweh (spelled YHWH in Hebrew consonantal writing) is the holy name of the Hebrew God as it appears in the Bible. El, a generic term for God, is also used in the Bible to refer ... The report has been longer in coming than I expected because the words and drawings are faded and enigmatic. What I present here are tentative conclusions and alternative hypotheses about material which I, and other scholars, will be studying for years to come. Kuntillet Ajrud is located about forty miles south of Kadesh-Barnea and sits on a hill which rises beside the Wadi Quraiyaa. Old maps reveal that the site is a crossroads of desert tracks: one leads from Gaza through Kadesh-Barnea to Eilat; another traverses the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-did-yahweh-have-a-consort-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-1979ad.htm

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Saul Hunts David. Timeline, maps, chronology, sermons of Judges ... ... while Saul sleeps in the same cave at Engedi that David is hiding in & cuts Saul's robe. 16. Saul returns to Gibeah after being spared by the grace of David. 17. David mourns Samuel's death by visiting the wilderness of Paran. (likely to Kadesh Barnea located at Sela/Petra) 18. David returns to Maon & Carmel where Saul's self praise monument is located after sparing Agag: 1 Sam 15:12 19. In Carmel, Nabal is shearing the sheep that David has protected in the wilderness without reward from Nabel. 20. David ... While David used insanity to hide his sanity, Saul surrounded himself with sanity, in order to hide his insanity. Deception is always a sin but some religions use the sinful example of David's lying to prove it is OK to lie to your enemies. Just as the Bible didn't openly criticize Noah for getting drunk, so too it didn't criticize David's deceptions. This, however, should not be viewed as divine approval because God expects the reader to apply the most basic moral template onto ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-maps-timeline-chronology-1samuel-21-31-saul-david-on-the-run-1012-1004bc.htm

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Qubur Bani megaliths: Location of Rachel's tomb, fulfilled prophcy ... ... It is situated on a strait line, about halfway between Gibeon (El Jib) and Geba (El-Jaba). 2. History of Ramah in the Bible: a. Ramah was one of the towns given to Benjamin by Joshua: Josh 18:25 b. In 1290 BC, Ramah was one of the two destination choices by the Levite priest whose run-away wife was found dead outside the door in the morning at "sodomite" Gibeah of Benjamin (later known as Gibeah of Saul) Judges 19:13 c. Deborah judged Israel under a tree between Bethel and Ramah: Judges 4:5 d. Ramah was the home town of Hannah and Elkanah where Samuel was born: 1 Samuel 1:19 e. Samuel judged Israel from Ramah and built an altar there: 1 Samuel 7:17 f. Israel assembled at Ramah to demand Samuel give them a king: 1 Samuel 8:4 g. In 1018 BC, David fled Saul to Ramah and stayed in "Naioth": 1 Samuel 19:18 h. Samuel was buried in Ramah, after which David visited the tomb city of Kadesh Barnea at Petra, in the wilderness of Paran: 1 Samuel 25:1 i. "Baasha king of Israel went up against ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Rachels-tomb-burial-died-Benjamin-Ramah-Bethlehem-weeping-children-Herod-great-slaughter-Jesus-Matt2-prophecy-fulfilled-Qubur-Bani-Bni-Israel-2000BC.htm

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Maps: Agatharchides 169 BC: Petra and the Wilderness of Shur ... The Arabian Peninsula mattered greatly: "The merchants, dock workers and shopkeepers of Alexandria profited nicely from the massive trade that passed through their city to and from southern Arabia and India. For them, "Arabia" meant the Arabian Peninsula. Precisely the same usage is found in the works of Alexandrian intellectuals such as the geographers Eratosthenes and Agatharchides." (Mt. Sinai in Arabia?, Allen Kerkeslager, Bible Review, BR 16:02, Apr 2000) d. It is clear that ... So Poseidon and Palm Grove are beside each other, not 210 km apart. Clearly both Poseidon and Palm Grove are at the Straits of Tiran. Palm Grove is Tiran Island on the Arabian side (east side) of the Red Sea and Poseidon is likely located near Maqnah on the Gulf of Aqaba, west of Al Bad. 9. Petra (Kadesh Barnea): a. In fragment 89a, Agatharchides makes a very interesting observation. He says that if you draw a straight line from Tiran Island up the coastline, you will hit Petra. b. He says that the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-red-sea-agatharchides-of-cnidus-on-the-erythraean-sea-169bc.htm

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Comparison list of 75 Joseph/Christ Shadows, Types, Antitypes ... ... This incredible prosperity continued until the defeat of the Hyksos in 1556 BC and the rise of the 18th “Moses-dynasty” pharaohs “who knew not Joseph”. 1556 BC marks the end of Hebrew “easy living” in Egypt and the beginning of the oppression which lasted 110 years until the Exodus in 1446 BC. Even at Kadesh Barnea (Petra), they were again located at a major shipping intersection of international trade for 38 years. The high literacy rate combined with the business experience explains in part the ... Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh invent the first alphabet on earth for the Hebrew language. 19. In 1806 Joseph dies at age 110: Gen 50:26 20. In 1446 BC, after 430 years, Moses leads the Hebrews out of Egypt: Ex 12:40 21. In 1406 BC, after 40 years to the day, Joshua crosses the Jordan: Josh 3:1 II. Did inspired Stephen get it wrong? Jacob enters Egypt with 70 or 75 persons? A. Atheists, Jews, Muslims, Mormons all trash the Bible saying Stephen got the number wrong. 1. Atheists, Muslims and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/d-bible-archeology-maps-timeline-chronology-Joseph-types-Christ-Shadows-Antitypes-similarities-comparisons-2166-1876BC.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... We may distinguish three distinct geo-graphical zones within the Negev of today and suggest their possible biblical equivalents. The Negeb (or "Negeb of Judah") was apparently confined to the Beersheva Valley, drained by Wadi el-Milh/ Wadi el-Mashash, and the rolling plain encompassed by Wadi es-Saba`/ Wadi el-Ghazzeh (Aharoni ... They have been dealt with mainly by Cohen (1980) and Meshel (1979), who employed different classification systems for these "fortresses" and arrived at different conclusions regarding their dating. Only on one group do they agree: the rectangular fortresses with towers found at Kadesh-barnea and Horvat `Uza, which are dated by their ... Rothenberg, B. 1967 Negeb, Archaeology in the Negeb and the Aravah. Ramat Gan (Hebrew). 1972 Timna. London: Thames and Hudson. Yadin, Y. 1970 Megiddo of the Kings of Israel. The Biblical Archaeologist 33: 66-96. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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Borot Loz Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ... Borot Loz Fortress (One of Solomon's network of military border fortresses) Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Qudeirat Click to View Qedeis Click to View Quseima Click to View Nahas Click to View K. Ajrud Click to View Elat/Kheleifeh Click to View Haseva Click to View Loz Introduction: While it is true that no fortresses have been found directly on the Darb Ghazza trade route, several have found on either side like Kuntillet Ajrud and Borot Loz ponds: "And above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress ... Mitzpe Ramon. About 30 kilometers from the road, before the turnoff to Ma'ale Arod and the foot of Mount Harif, a dirt road branches off to Borot Loz, There is also a well, named Ma'agurat Loz. The path is marked and there are signposts and a dirt road. By Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-borot-loz.htm

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Tamar, Hazazon-tamar, Tamara/Thamara and Tamdar Syria This is the south side toward the south." Ezekiel 47:19 -"And adjoining the territory of Gad to the south, the boundary shall run from Tamar to the waters of Meribah-kadesh, from there along the Brook of Egypt to the Great Sea." Ezekiel 48:28 The location of this Tamar must be south of ... There are only verses that mention Tamar/Tamdar (parallel verses): 1 Ki 9:17-19 and 2 Chron 8:1-4. Rudolph Cohen mistakenly uses these verses in reference to Ein Haseva . In one parallel passage it is spelled Tamar, in the other it is Tamdar. Alternate spellings of towns are common in the Bible and are because different cultures refer to the same place in their own languages. -"so Solomon rebuilt Gezer and Lower ... king of Zobah, David killed 22,000 Arameans." 2 Samuel 8:5 What is also interesting is that the boundaries of Solomon were from Hamath to the Wadi el Arish (river of Egypt): -"So Solomon observed the feast at that time, and all Israel with him, a great assembly from the entrance of Hamath ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-tamar-tamdar-in-the-wilderness-palmya-syria-thamara-tamara-en-haseva.htm

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Jesus Master Builder carpenter stonemason creator build temple ... ... Notice "archi-tekton" is only used once in scripture and it involves LAYING FOUNDATION STONES as a STONE mason not a WOOD carpenter. 5. Jesus secular job was a master stone mason (architect: "archi-tekton) who first laid the foundations of houses, then built the walls and roof until completed! B Stonemason allusions and imagery used by Jesus "the master builder" [tekton] in the Bible: 1. Jesus understood the exact method of laying a ... And, "You, Lord, in the beginning laid the foundation of the earth, And the heavens are the works of Your hands; They will perish, but You remain; And they all will become old like a garment" (Hebrews 1:8-11) 2. Providentially in 1446 BC: Jesus provided the literal water for Israel to drink during the exodus: a. Twice God gave Israel water to drink through Moses: At Sinai (11 months) and Kadesh Barnea (38 years) b. "and all drank the same spiritual drink, for they were drinking from a spiritual rock [petra: bedrock] which followed them; and the rock ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Jesus-master-builder-archi-tekton-stonemason-carpenter-foundations-corner-stones-rock-sand-yokes-plows-creator-temple-synagogues-church.htm

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The Exodus Route: 2nd Red Sea Camp ... He is also forced to define Elim like a large wilderness area as opposed to a single location in spite of the fact the Bible said it had 7 springs and 70 date palms. Glen Fritz own words: comments in [square brackets] added: a. "Elim was likely a large district in the Wadi al-'Ifal area of Al-Bad'. Elim may have extended into Wadi Ḥamḍ. ... Due to the immense size of the Exodus multitude, Elim should be envisioned as a b. large, spread out district." (Exodus Mysteries, Glen Fritz, ... Sinai for the first time since crossing the Red Sea. Marah to the Wilderness of Sin Click to View D. How the traditional choice for 2nd Red Sea camp fails: Click to View Excluded Exodus Routes: Nuweiba Beech, Bitter lakes, Gulf of Suez, Mt. Musa, Mt. Karkom, Ein el-Qudeirat. The Bible says after crossing the Red Sea, Israel traveled 3 days in the Wilderness of Shur and came to Marah, then Elim, then camped beside the Red Sea a second time. This means that Marah and Elim were not beside the Red Sea but ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-red-sea-camp.htm

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111:

The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD ... Meshel, Z. 1977 Horvat Ritma—An Iron Age Fortress in the Negev Highlands. Tel Aviv 4:110-135. 1994 The 'Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 294:39-67 Millard, A. R. 1989 Does the Bible Exaggerate King Solomon's Golden Wealth? Bibli-cal Archaeology Review XV(3):20-34. 1991a Texts and Archaeology: Weighing the Evidence. The Case for King Solomon. Palestine ... Since 1965, he has concentrated his activities in the Negev, where he directed the Negev Emergency Project during the years 1978-1988 in his capacity as Archaeologist of the Negev District. Cohen has also directed excavations at Kadesh Barnea (see BA 44 [19811:93-107) and at several sites along the Nabataean-Roman Petra-Gaza Road (see BA 45 [19821:240-247). Dr. Cohen has excavated dozens of fortresses in the Negev, studying their role—and that of the accompanying settlements—in the history of the region. Yigal Yisrael earned his BA in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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The Fortresses at En Haseva Rudolph Cohen 1994 ... Geograpiae V 15, the Notitia Dignitatum (Seeck 1876: 74), and in The Madaba Mosaic Map (Avi-Yonah 1954:42-43, Pl. 4). The Roman fort fell into disuse during the second half of the fourth century CE,perhaps as the result of the earthquake of 363 CE which destroyed Petra and several other sites (Russell 1980; Ham-mond 1980). ... Tel 'Arad (Strata VII-IX) (Aharoni 1981:6-7), Tell el-Kheleifeh (Strata II-IV; Glueck 1939; Pratico 1985), and Horvat Toy (Cohen 1985; 1988/89a); and the fortress with projecting towers, like the middle and upper fortresses at Tel Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981; 1983a) and the fot tiess at Horvat Uzza (Beit-Arieh 1986), which is rectangular. ... It was probably built in the eighth-seventh centuries BCE, during the reigns of King Uzziah and his successors. An examina-tion of the relations between Judah and Edom as they are described in the Bible reveals several possibilities. Amaziah, the son of Joash, diligently fortified his kingdom both from within and without, and, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortress-at-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1994ad.htm

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Exodus route and Conquest: Hormah, Tamar, Way of the Spies ... campaign or the region of the defeated towns.8 The "Way of the Atharim" (derek hā˒ătārīm) was described by Y. Aharoni as "leading from Kadesh-barnea to Arad," along which the fortresses of Bir Hafir, Oboda, and Aroer were built during the Israelite monarchy.9 The meaning and location of ... condemnation of holy war.11 Budd has offered a better suggestion that the Way of the Atharim may be a reference to the road leading to Tamar, or Ein Tamar, located about ten miles south of the Dead Sea.12 Such a desert road from Kadesh would have followed a line east northeast across the southern Negev to the basin of the Nahal Avedat and the Nahal Zin, south of the Machtesh Gadol. ... Hence the desert route would have them approaching the northern end of the Arabah from the west southwest, and then crossing the Arabah between Tamar and Zalmonah. (The New American Commentary Num 21:1-3, 2000 AD) What the Bible says about Hormah: 1. "Now the Amalekites and the Canaanites live in the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-way-of-spies-hormah.htm

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Solution to the Chronology of the Book of Judges! ... After Samuel died in 1014 BC, Saul consulted the witch of Endor in 1014 BC when Samuel told Saul he would die the following day: 1 Samuel 28:19. 5. The witch described Samuel as "an old man is coming up" 1 Samuel 28:14. So Samuel was an old man when he died. 6. Although the bible does not tell us how old Samuel was when he died, ... Although Joshua was not older than 20 years old at Sinai, he must have been no less than 20 years old at Kadesh Barnea, 2 years later, to be excepted from the 20 years and older will die in the wilderness edict: a. "your corpses will fall in this wilderness, even all your numbered men, according to your complete number from twenty years ... Caleb was 40 years old at Kadesh when the 12 spies were sent out in 1444 BC. e. After returning from spying out the land, Caleb spent 38 years at Kadesh before crossing the Zered Wadi which triggered the start of the conquest in 1406 BC. f. 40 + 38 = 78 Years old when the Conquest started in 1406 BC. g. 85 - 78 = 7 year is how ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-date-chronology-of-judges.htm

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Seder Olam Rabbah modern Jewish calendar English pdf free online ... Tanakh in spite of the fact that Hebrew had been functionally extinct among the entire Jewish population for 500 years. 9. We have a direct line from Yose ben Halafta who authored Seder Olam Rabbah, the corrupting of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah at Zippori 140-250 AD to the Tiberian Masoretes 250-900 AD who preserved the corruption down to the present day with their Masoretic Text manuscript that dates to 1008 AD. 10. See also: Jews corrupt their Tanakh in 160 AD Full ... After the spies was the quarrel with Qorah and his being swallowed up [by the earth] as it is said (Num. 16:14): "Not even to a land dripping with milk and honey did you lead us." (Num. 32:10): "Then the rage of the Eternal was kindled against Israel" and it is said (Dew . 2:14): "The time that we went from Kadesh Barnea until we crossed Wadi Zered was 38 years." 19 years they were wandering to and fro and 19 years they dwelt in Kadesh Barnea as it is said (Deur. 1:46): "You dwelt at Kadesh a long time, equal ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Seder-Olam-Rabbah-full-text-PDF-Free-Online-Chronology-modern-Jewish-calendar-Textual-variants-Bible-manuscripts-Old-Testament-Torah-Tanakh-Rabbinical-Judaism-160AD.htm

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The Sinai Peninsula has always been Egyptian territory. Only when they crossed the Red Sea at the Straits of Tiran! The modern Sinai Peninsula has always been controlled by Egypt as far east as the Wadi el-Arish. Introduction: 1. Josephus said the Sinai Peninsula was Egyptian territory: a. "The lot of ... A huge freshwater lake like the Bitter lake, would surely be controlled by Egypt on all sides. The shallow bitter lakes are the choice of Bible skeptics who attempt to explain the crossing of the Red Sea without any miracles. b. The North Suez ... Egypt, and Israel went through the wilderness to the Red Sea and came to Kadesh" Judges 11:16 b. "Hence God led the people around by the way of the wilderness to the Red Sea; and the sons of Israel went up in martial array from the land of Egypt." ... AD 110: Josephus: Simeon borders Egypt (Sinai Peninsula) and Arabia (Petra); Rhinocurura is in Egypt f. AD 325: The Onomasticon by Eusebius g. AD 400: Jerome: Raphia is near the border of Egypt (Jerome, commentary on Daniel 11:10-14) h. AD 542: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-egypt-border-territory-sinai-peninsula-out-of-egypt.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... ... That being the case, it is hard to understand how he can agree with the identification of Tel Masos, where no Negev ware has been discovered, with "the city of Amalek," since the later element is also associated in the Bible with the southern wilderness. Moreover, as no Negev ware has been discovered at Beersheba Stratum VII, ... How can we explain the lack of way-stations along the routes to Qadesh Barnea and `Ein Hazevah? And "above all, south of Qadesh Barnea along important Darb Ghazza, the main route to the Gulf of Eilat, not even one fortress has been found" (Finkelstein 1984: 191-92). One should note that these are two of the weak points Finkelstein detects ... Bunimovitch, S. 1989 Review of I. Finkelstein, The Archaeology of the Period of Settlement and Judges (1986), Archeologia 2: 91-94 (Hebrew). Bruins, J. H. 1986 Desert Environment and Agriculture in the Central Negev and Kadesh Barnea During His-torical Periods. Nijkerk: Midbar Foundation. Cohen, R. 1979 The Iron Age Fortresses ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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Transjordan Early Edom And Moab 1900 BC ... Bibliography Abu Assaf, A. 1980-81Untersuchungen zur Ammonitischen Rundbildkunst. UFo 12:7-78, pls.l-17. Aharoni, Y. 1979 Land of the Bible.' London. Ahituv, S. 1972 Did Ramesses H Conquer Dibon? IEJ 22:141-142. 1984 Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient ... Moran, W.L. 1957 Mari Notes on the Execration Texts. Orientalia n.s. 26:339-345. 1987 Les Lettres d'El Amarna. Paris. Murnane, W.J. 1985 The Road to Kadesh SAOC 42: Chicago. Newberry, P.E. 1893 Beni Hasan I. London. Ornan, T. 1986 A Man and his Land: ... Figure 8.3 The southern region of Moab. ===... 7. Iron Age Settlement in the Land of Edom Stephen Hart 8. Wadi Feinan region 9. The Iron Age pottery of the Wadi Feinan region 10. Iron Age Settlement in the Land of Edom 11. ... Second, to assess critically the claims by Israel Finkelstein that there was widespread Iron I occupation throughout Edom (Finkelstein 1992a, b; Bienkowski 1992). Umm el-Biyara: Umm el-Biyara rises 300 m. from the Petra basin and is the highest ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomites-early-edom-and-moab-piotr-bienkowski-1992ad.htm

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