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The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City ... ... This subterranean canal indicates that low-angle surveying technology was already understood - perhaps a borrowing from Greek and Roman geometric traditions (Cohen & Drabkin 1966; Lewis 2001). ... Although no traces of this connection have been excavated, pipeline fragments in the area suggest this connection. From a systems point of view, the Zurraba reservoir served principally to maintain ... On the north side of Wadi Mousa, numerous high-status structures in the B;2 quadrant [Temple of the Winged Lions, Royal Palace (41), North Defense Wall and Fortress (35), Conway Tower (54)] are logically ... Local histories mention the existence of large dams - one on the Wadi Mataha (Taylor 2001), the other on the Wadi al Nassara (Fig. 1). Remains indicate that these dams provided water storage from ... A channel from the upper part of this cistern conducted overflow water to lower level structures before exiting to Q'asr al Bint and Wadi Siyagh. Large channels in an upper room south of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-water-supply-of-petra-charles-r-ortloff-2005.htm

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The Exodus Route: Elim (Nabatean Leuke Kome, Onne, Aynuna) ... Nuweiba is 25% longer in distance, 18 days longer (not including 15 missed camp days) and 400% more difficult than the Tiran route. c. The Elephant in the room is if ... There are a cluster of 7 archaeological sites located between the seaport and the mudbrick fortress that include a Nabatean cemetery. a. "'Aynunah is one of the ... Although known only through survey, extensive architecture is visible at two of the complexes, including a standing tower; nearby is a large necropolis. It seems that ... Surface pottery from Aynuna included Nabataean wares (Ingraham et al. 1981: pls 82, 86), but no Egyptian or Eastern ones can be identified from the literature. Petra, the capital of Nabataea and an important caravan site, has, on the other hand, been intensively excavated and published. To date, Gogte (1999) has identified a ... No traces of ancient structures except for some ruins of a water conduit of unknown date can be observed in the port of Khoraiba [see Fig. 2]. The 19thcentury ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-elim.htm

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Mt. Sinai located in Arabia: Galatian 4:25 ... The earliest find on the site is an inscription mentioning Aretas IV (9 BC - AD 40) and pottery of the Middle Nabatean Period. It was probably founded as a road station on the secondary caravan route connecting Oboda with Nessana. It shared the prosperity of the other towns of the Negev in the Late Nabatean Period, and to this ... the wall, and so escaped his hands." (2 Corinthians 11:32-33) Paul knew Aretas was the king of Arabia at Petra who was over the vassal governor of Damascus. In both Paul's and Josephus' mind Arabia was Transjordan. Petra was also the location of ancient Kadesh Barnea. Coins of Aretas IV issued from AD 18-39: The author excavated ... therefore could believe that when intending to set before the eyes of Rome a survey of the world he made a mistake, and with him the late lamented Augustus? for it ... the adjacent gulf, there is another harbor and fortified place [military fortress], which is called White Village [Greek = Leuke Kome], from which there is a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Mount-Sinai-in-Arabia-exodus-route-Nabatean-kingdom-territory-AretasIV-Arabia-Petrea-New-Testamt-Mt-Sinai-Lawz-Ishmael-Apostle-Paul-36AD-Galatians-4-25.htm

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Origin of the Philistines, Sea Peoples, Pentapolis Cities, Goliath ... This conclusion is arrived at quite regardless of any consideration of what, in terms of any text-based historical narrative or otherwise, this pottery may represent ... The first mention of the Cherethites, is when the Amelekites raided them in the Negev and David at Ziglag: "We made a raid on the Negev of the Cherethites, and on ... In addition to the graffito, an unusual chalice of Canaanite shape and fabric was found in a room on the east side of the sacred area. What makes the chalice unusual ... In 1908 AD, the disk was discovered in Phaistos, Crete while the site was being professionally excavated. e. Several other artifacts have been excavated with similar ... III repels them at the border: 1177 BC: a. Discussion of Plate 46: The hieroglyphic inscription is from a large wall relief that features vertical lines of text. ... Of course, Qeiyafa did not exist at the time of the battle in 1025 BC, but David built the circular fortress as a monument to the great battle. b. The circular outer ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-archeology-origin-of-the-Philistines-Pentapolis-Sea-Peoples-Crete-Rameses-III-Medinet-Habu-Mortuary-temple-reliefs-inscriptions-Thebes-1077BC.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... ... Section III: Historicity of Edom as a real nation just as the Bible says Edomite history: 2006 BC - AD 70 Historical survey of Edom: God foresaw the hatred between ... Papyrus Anastasi VI references Edom in 1205 BC: "We have finished letting the Bedouin tribes of Edom pass the Fortress" (ANET, 259) The Before this time, foreign ... impression only provides us with a terminus post quem for the site and its pottery, since Umm el-Biyara is essentially a one-period site, the date of the ... Joash defeats Amaziah at Beth-shemesh, takes him to Jerusalem but does not kill him (2 Chro 25:25). He then proceeds to tear down part of the wall of Jerusalem, loot ... For again the Edomites had come and attacked Judah and carried away captives. The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the lowland and of the Negev of Judah, ... The lengths of their reigns are unknown, though Qausgabri's was perhaps fairly long. There is perhaps room for another king between Qausmalaku and Aiarammu, and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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Jesus Master Builder carpenter stonemason creator build temple ... ... We may summarize our above survey by concluding that tekton without the qualifying term for "wood" (zulon) has the general meaning of "craftsman" in the OT (cf. NASB ... Now if any man builds on the foundation [themelion: large foundation stone] with gold, silver, precious stones [Lithos: wall stone], wood, hay, straw, each man's work ... And many were gathered together, so that there was no longer room, not even near the door; and He was speaking the word to them. And they came, bringing to Him a ... The author has personally excavated hundreds of fragments of Byzantine clay tiles at Khirbet el-Maqatir in the monastery that dates to 375 AD. Here are some of those actual samples acquired through excavation: 3. The roof of Jesus' house in Luke 5:19 was made of "keramos" (Ceramic) is used of fired pottery either pottery or ... your peace with me and come out to me, and eat each of his vine and each of his fig tree and drink each of the waters of his own cistern," (2 Kings 18:31) 2. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Jesus-master-builder-archi-tekton-stonemason-carpenter-foundations-corner-stones-rock-sand-yokes-plows-creator-temple-synagogues-church.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... ... The Madaba Map using Jerome's spelling has located properly Mampsis. Many Nabatean, Roman-Byzantine levels excavated at Kuroub. It shows a revival in the fourth ... The crevice at Petra is not unique to the Arabah valley area or the Negev, but it is the only one is called "Rock". Perhaps Petra was called Rock for reasons other ... David built his fortress gates to primarily protect the water. So in the search for Kadesh, we could look for evidence of past or present civilizations. Interestingly, we find just such a large civilization at Petra. "Flash floods: It rarely rains in Petra, but occasionally rain up to thirty miles away can send a wall of water ... G. Pottery of Nabatean Petra: "Conclusions: 5.1 Pottery manufacture in Petra: 1. The samples in G XV, the sample group local to Petra (in section 4.7), span a long ... Ain el-Qudeirat, A fortress from the time of the Judaean Kingdom, Rudolph Cohen, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 1983 AD) (Reconstructing Petra, Smithsonian: June ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC Twin Bulls 840 BC h. Marble Tablets 838 BC i. Alabaster Statue 838 BC 7. Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca "Fortress in the Negev": 839 BC 8. Silver Scroll from Ketef Hinnom: 725-650 BC 9. Elisha of Ostraca found in the ... Parable of the vineyard: Luke 20:14-15 20. Pay debt With oil 2 Kings 4:1-7 With coin from mouth of fish 21. Others prepared an upper room In Shunem: 2 Ki 4:10-11 In Jerusalem for Jesus to sleep ... ivory palace in Samaria and the Phoenician ivory motifs excavated from the palace where Jezebel lived, invoke of the goddess Astarte who also lived in a Phoenician palace as a sacred prostitute. ... Jezebel in the gate tower of Jezreel with "painted eyes looking through the window" (2 Ki 9:30) is a common pagan motif found on Ivory carvings in Samaria and Egyptian stone stele and wall ... Iron Age IIA begins with the rule of David in Hebron in 1010 BC and ends in the conquest of Jehu in 841 BC. 1. Archaeologists recognize a new assemblage of pottery and objects came into use at ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm

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Ein Haseva Fortress: One of Solomon's network of military border ... ... The impressive southwestern corner, built of large silex blocks, is preserved to the height of more than a meter. It appears to be a fortress, similar in plan to those found at several Iron Age sites in the central Negev (Cohen 1995)." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) B. "Negevite" ware pottery found: More on Negev Pottery. "Diggers retrieved a complete handmade Negbite cooking-pot, made of rather coarse ware and exhibiting very crude manufacturing, from the southeastern room of this fortress. Negbite ware has been found at Tell el-Kheleifeh (Glueck 1939:13f; 1940:17f; Pratico 1985:23f) and in all three fortresses uncovered at Kadesh-Barnea (Cohen 1981;1983a), dating from the tenth to the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD) C. Strategic Location: "En Haseva sits at a strategically crucial commercial crossroads, especially vital for the Arabian spice trade." (The Iron Age Fortresses at En ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-haseva.htm

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REFUTED: Full-Preterist, "Realized Eschatology", "AD 70 doctrine ... ... attempts to break into the temple to steal the riches, through the Antonia fortress but failed. (Wars 2.331) Florus leaves the city and withdraws the 2 cohorts of ... was continuously occupied from AD 70 down past AD 542. We know from excavations that Jerusalem was rich in Early Roman, Late Roman, Byzantine and Islamic pottery. ... The elephant in the room, is that no one would equate living past AD 70 as uniquely remarkable for John alone, since children and most of the Christians alive in AD ... outside each synagogue as early at 280 BC. Every archeological top plan of every synagogue ever excavated had a full immersion water pool known as a mikveh. d. ... wear away, And the sky will be rolled up like a scroll; All their hosts will also wither away As a leaf withers from the vine, Or as one withers from the fig tree. ... It will be darkness and not light; As when a man flees from a lion And a bear meets him, Or goes home, leans his hand against the wall And a snake bites him. Will not ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Refuted-Full-Preterism-Realized-eschatology-debunked-exposed-second-coming-Parousia-rapture-destruction-Jerusalem-70AD-Doctrine-Revelation-Commentary.htm

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The Ahoroni Fortress at Quseima: One of Solomon's network of ... ... The builders generally chose raised ground, a hill, a spur, sometimes even a steep mountain, and built their fortress on the summit. The casemates generally encircled the entire summit; and the outer enclosing wall was built at the very edge of the summit, directly overlooking the slope. If the summit was oval-shaped, so was the enclosure, ... Had they built on the slope, according to Herzog's prescription, the personnel within could not have had an unobstructed view in all directions." (The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses" in the Negev, Zeev Meshel, 1994 AD) Click to View D. Negev pottery found at Quseima: More on Negev Pottery. The main finds, as stated, were potsherds. Not one complete or even restorable vessel was found. As usual in sites of this category in the Negev, the pottery was of two types: ordinary, wheel-made pottery, characteristic of the Iron Age; and rough, handmade pottery, of the type known as "Negev ware" (Cohen 1986). The number of Negev ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-quseima-ahoroni.htm

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Beidha, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea: mass food production ... ... wall was triple thick stone build directly over top of rectangular buildings 6 and 7 which were not burnt. The floor of room 8 was plastered 5 times and the top layer of floor plaster featured a double red stripe around the perimeter walls that wrapped around the working stations. There was no oven, hearth or fire pit in the large room 8. 6. NO FIRES FOR FOOD PREPARATION: Workshops contained no tabuns, ovens or fire pits meaning that no cooking was done in the entire work-city with the rectangular rooms. This may explain why no pottery was found in the upper city. The city changed from round ... of grinders were excavated at Beidha by Diana Kirkbride in the first three seasons 1960,1963-4. Below is a photo of grinders excavated from a single season the total was much more from all 7 seasons. ... GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS: Grinders (Pl. XIX A; Fig. g, Nos. 1-3). These implements are the most numerous class. Plate XIXA gives a general view of a single season's collection [see photo below]. Not ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-beidha.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ... ... this request: NO! (Steven Rudd, 2015 AD) "Malchijah's defiant recorded in Arad #40 (Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah") not to send troops as commanded by Zedekiah to Ramah-Negev angered the king. King Zedekiah recorded his threatening response in a follow-up letter on another pottery sherd to Eliashib, the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress on Arad ostraca #24 (Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" 597 BC). ... What causes "intrusive" artifacts? Why are "intrusive" artifacts from one time period, professionally excavated from a locus or stratum of a different time period? It is VERY common for archeological excavations to identify intrusive (anachronistic) objects and pottery. ... has many updates and corrections) Three Hebrew Ostraca from Arad, Y. Aharoni, BASOR 197, p 28, 1970 AD "The ostracon was found in a room in the center of the fortress, which was full of compartments and various installations - apparently used for the manufacture of perfume.' ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm

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Rehoboam, Shishak I (945-924 BC ) Canaan battle relief topographical ... ... So also the dressing of the surfaces and the decoration could be done and obviously- were done without reference to the rest of the wall and colonnade." (Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak: The Bubasite Portal by The Epigraphic Survey, George R. Hughes, The University Of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications Volume LXXIV, 1954 ... devoted to the Negev. Only a few of the names can be identified with cities known from the Bible. These include Arad, Yurza, Sharnhen, and the proposed identification of Ezion-Geber, which is doubtful. Of particular interest to us here are nine place-names formed with the component p.h\-q-r, which can be readily associated with the Semitic root h\-g-r ("fort"). The list includes, for example, the fortress of Great Arad, ... discussing." (The Fortresses King Solomon Built to Protect His Southern Border, Rudolph Cohen, 1985 AD) I. Rehoboam (931-914 BC), The Foolish King: 1. Very few kings were as stupid and foolish in dealing with his people as Rehoboam. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-sheshonq-I-shoshenq-shishak-shishaq-bubastite-karnak-conquest-campaign-canaan-battle-relief-topographical-list-187-cities-conquered-name-rings-926bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #18: Man seeks asylum in Temple of Solomon ... Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of Judah in 609 BC. 2. Edomites move into the Judean Negev and Zedekiah orders troops for defense. 3. A man seeks asylum in the ... the Bible to be a book of valid history at the time Zedekiah was King of Judah (597-587 BC): I. Arad ostracon #18 connection with the Bible: We have the personal name of the Hebrew's God: YHWH written on the pottery sherd in carbon black ink! ... ostraca 16, 18, 21, 40 Many of the Arad ostraca are simple requisitions or token-vouchers for food or supplies from fortress storage room. lit: Shemaryahu (son of Berekiah on Arad seal 108) is named on Arad ostraca 18,27: Jer 26:20; 36:12 609 BC (41x in ... Arad was excavated 1962-1967 AD. b. Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 40, p 70, 1981 AD (The Hebrew version was published years earlier, but the English edition has many updates and corrections) c. Three Hebrew Ostraca from ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad18-letters-refugee-Solomons-temple-of-YHWH-Eliashib-Qerosite-Keros-homer-measure-Shemaiah-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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Orientation of Early Synagogues Did Not Point to Jerusalem Or ... It is likely, however, that this orientation was purely accidental; its location in the town would hardly admit of any other arrangement since the contours shaped its orientation, it was bounded by a street on the south, the casemate wall on the ... Herodium offered its renovators little opportunity for choice in the location of the synagogue or its orientation. Once it was decided to squeeze it into the existing spaces available in the fortress complex, the triclinium offered the best ... Jerusalem-oriented wall of the Judean broadhouse synagogues of Eshtemo`a and Susiya faced north and their entrances were on the east wall (Fig. III-60a, b). Most of the sixth-century CE synagogue buildings have their apses on the Jerusalem-oriented wall. ... Ears: prayer b. Eyes: providential protection c. Heart: love, compassion, grace d. Name: "Christian" 8. Christians take their "inner room" with them everywhere and it entered when they close their eyes: a. ""But you, when you pray, go into your ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Orientation-Point-to-Jerusalem-face-East-Architectural-ancient-Synagogue-pre-70AD-standardized-typology-design-incorporated-adopted-similarities-into-church.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #24: Letter from Zedekiah to send troops ... ... Zedekiah issues orders to Malchijah, the troop commander at the Arad fortress, to send troops from Arad and the nearby Kinah fortress, to the fortress at Ramah-Negev to secure its safety and defense. Malchijah relays the Zedekiah's orders to his son Gemariah who commands the fortress at nearby Kinah. Arad Ostracon #40 (Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "No troops sent" 597 BC) is a letter written on a broken pottery sherd from Gemariah to his father Malchijah at Arad ... Behold, I have sent to warn you today: [Get] the men to Elisha: Lest Edom should come there." (Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 24, p 46, 1981 AD) The excavation reports for Arad Ostracon #24 are: Arad was excavated 1962-1967 AD. "Ostracon ... And it should he emphasized that the downward stroke reaches only the white dot, and does not continue to the left, as might be mistakenly seen in the photograph. At the end of the line, there is room for 6-8 more letters. It is possible to assume that after ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad24-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-life-and-death-matter-Eliashib-Malchijah-Elisha-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Edom-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice: Template for book of Revelation ... Sacrifice," a composition also known from copies found in Qumran Caves 4 and 11. The Masada fragment 1039-200 was discovered in the south-eastern corner of Room 1039 in the casemate wall,' a room which also yielded fragments from the books of Psalms and Leviticus and numerous silver and bronze coins struck during the revolt against Rome. ... The original width of each of the two columns can be calculated at about 32 letter spaces counting waw, yod, zayin, final nun and the spaces between words as half-letters. Palaeographically, the hand of the Masada fragment is a developed Herodian formal hand, comparable to Fig. 2:6 (4QDanb) in Cross's typology or to Col. XIII ... identified with the highest of the archangels." (Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, critical edition, Carol Newsom, p37, 1985 AD) 11. The Temple: a. "The survey of the preceding paragraph is sufficient to indicate that the form of the last five chapters does borrow from the logic of the "temple tour," such as one finds ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-Songs-of-Sabbath-Sacrifice-Angelic-Liturgy-dss-dead-sea-scrolls-Ezekiel-Revelation-70AD-destruction-Jerusalem-prototype-150bc

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Cana 40 BC Why would six huge and very expensive stoneware pots be there in the first place and why were they not being used in the wedding catering? The answer is likely that they were in an adjoining storage room of the synagogue near the banquet hall. Stoneware is unique to the first century and was used for ritual purity by the Jews. Standard pottery could not ... 20-30 gal. ceremonial stoneware pots were not being used for catering the wedding, indicating they were inside the Cana synagogue or an adjoining building where the pots were stored. Stoneware was excavated a Kh. ... Nathanael said to Him, "How do You know me?" Jesus answered and said to him, "Before Philip called you, when you were under the fig tree, I saw you." Nathanael answered Him, "Rabbi, You are the Son of God; You are ... In fact, the hilltop walls were defensive walls from the Persian invasion or Muslim conquest (614 or 634 C.E.). Another part of the wall in the southwest, however, was early Roman, finer and more monumental than ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Cana-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-khirbet-qana-John2-miracle-water-wine-stoneware-pot-pillar-mikveh-30bc.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Modein (Hurvat Umm el-Umdan ... ... as those discovered at Masada, Herodium, and Gamla The ritual bath: a structure whose plan consists of a number of rooms and storerooms was excavated to the west of the synagogue, and a ritual bath was uncovered in one of the rooms. ... Six Seleucid coins dating to the reigns of Antiochus III and Antiochus IV (IAA 92217, 92223-92225, 92237, 92248) and fragments of pottery vessels ascribed to this period were discovered on the floors of the hall and of the courtyard and ... It seems that the rock-cut step marks the original entrance from the courtyard of the Early Hellenistic building to the peripheral corridor (Fig. 4: Sections 4-4, 5-5). In the Hasmonean period, a wall was built over the opening and blocked it (W289; Fig. 6), and was later integrated in the ... The courtyard floor on the east was plastered and a bench was built along three walls, with the sitting bath still in use. In the courtyard west of the synagogue, a two-room mikveh was found. Synagogue III (Stage 4): The synagogue was ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Modein-Hurvat-Umm-el-Umdan-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-mikveh-ark-of-scrolls-niche-bema-table-colour-fresco-132bc.htm

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King Jeroboam tel dan high place altar 1340-723 BC. They're Digging ... ... The fine masonry, laid in headers and stretchers, resembles the monumental Israelite constructions found in Samaria and Megiddo. Subsequent excavations led us to the conclusion that we have here a bamah, or High Place, possibly an open air sanctuary. In the center of the excavated area an almost ... On the southern edge of the bamah, facing the town, a monumental flight of steps eight meters, or twenty-seven feet, wide was uncovered, built directly against the outer wall of the bamah (Fig. 13 ); this stairway is in part superimposed over the earlier masonry. Pottery collected from the steps points to a date in the mid-9th century B.C. A number of soundings carried out on the bamah, as well ... Also associated with the bamah at this time were two long rooms that we call leshakot ("offices"; singular, lishkah), chambers that the Bible seems to associate with religious structures such as the Jerusalem Temple (see Ezra 8:29 and 1 Chronicles 9:26, among other passages). Inside the back room of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-tel-dan-laish-leshem-micah-Jonathan-jeroboams-king-of-israel-high-place-altar-temple-1340-723bc.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-johann-heinrich-kurtz-history ... ... As it is completely detached on GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY. 223 every side? and forms a compact mass with, its gigantic mountain groups, it presents the most striking contrast to the desert by which it is surrounded, and would be altogether ... The eastern wall rises with equal abruptness from the Arabah, but is intersected by several defiles, which furnish approaches of more or less difficulty into our mountain fortress. The northern boundary wall, Jebel Halal, which had remained altogether unknown until very ... on the edge of the tableland of Rakmah (the last of the Amoritish mountains towards the south-west), which left no room for doubt as to the northern slope of the Azâzimat, and the fact that the division between this mountain land and the ... This spring is called Muweilih by Robinson ; but the Arabs called it Moilahhi Kadesah, and pointed out at no great distance the Beit Hajar (House of Hagar), a rock in which there were chambers excavated. In this rock Rowlands discovered ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-johann-heinrich-kurtz-history-of-the-old-covenant-1872ad.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Qiryat Sefer 90 BC C. Occupation history: 1. Based upon the archeology of the synagogue, the Hasmonean coins and Late Hellenistic/Early Roman pottery, the synagogue has been dated to 90 BC, likely at the time of Alexander Jannaeus. 2. Without knowing the ... Fragments of red-painted plaster are evidence that the walls were painted. In the western wall of the building was an entrance to a small, plastered room in which ritual objects of the synagogue were probably kept." (Jewish Virtual Library, Kiryat Sefer) 7. "Qiryat Sefer: In the ancient ... The rectangular hall (2.50 x 3.70 m) contained four columns with Doric capitals in the center, and four pilasters attached to the northern and southern walls. Two rows of stone benches were found along three sides of the hall (Fig. ... Conclusion: 1. This is one of the most beautiful synagogues ever excavated. a. The bright red walls and four red columns, with the ring of benches around the perimeter would make the spiritual experience of reading the Septuagint and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Qiryat-Sefer-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-red-plastered-painted-fresco-four-columns-mikveh-mikvaot-benches-90bc.htm

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Jerusalem Temple Mount: The Charles Wilson and Charles Warren ... Jerusalem Temple Mount: The Charles Wilson and Charles Warren map collection with notes: 1864 AD Ordinance Survey of Jerusalem by Captain Charles W. Wilson, R. E., 1886 Click to View Click to View Use ... III, under platform to north-west of the "Dome of the Rock," 32 feet deep, 1 foot of water but deeper in western chamber, which could not be explored. The main cistern is divided by a wall of barely ... which are separated by piers, through which there are low-arched doorways. I have to suggest that this may have been the House of Baptism, communicating with the room of Beth Mokad and the gate Tadi. ... offer the sacrifices;" and again, "Herod had now the city fortified by the palace in which he lived, and by the Temple, which had a strong fortress by it called Antonia, and was rebuilt by himself." ... dip of 100 due cast, and here only one layer of "missae" covers the "malaki," in which the cisterns are excavated ; nearly opposite this a portion of rock "missae" is seen in the wall of the platform. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-charles-wilson-charles-warren.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra ... ... An inscription from Oboda in the Negev refers to Rabel II as 'King of the Nabataeans, who brought life and deliverance to his people'. THE ROMAN ERA Rabbel II's death in 106, combined with a possible ... with the governor of the province also commanding the legion. A smaller detachment of troops may also have been stationed at the Roman legionary fortress at Udruh, 15 kilometres east of Petra. ... The Emperor Hadrian visited Petra in 130, during his tour of the eastern provinces, and the city was known thereafter as Petra Hadriane. Excavations, wall lines and the siting of burials have all ... Sir Alexander Kennedy studied and photographed most of Petra's monuments and, with the help of the Royal Air Force, produced the first accurate maps of the Petra area based on an aerial survey. ... Margaret Murray and J.C. Ellis of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt excavated some caves above the Wadi Abu'Ollega in 1937, and in 1954 the Department of Antiquities of the Jordanian ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rami-g-khouri-petra-a-guide-to-the-capital-of-the-nabataeans-1986ad.htm

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The Temple in Jerusalem over the threshing floor which is presently ... Threshing floors were never built on hills, but in curved valleys, like directly under the Al Kas Fountain. Under the dome of the Rock, was where the Fortress of Antonia stood. In 135 AD, Hadrian ... The Jews dug up the foundations of and excavated the temple mount. In May 363 AD an earthquake that caused an explosion of underground gases on the temple mount, ended the Jewish efforts to rebuild ... on Isaiah ii. 8 and on Matt. xxiv. 15), and the inscription which was cut on its base is still recognizable on a large stone built upside down into the south wall of the Haram near the Double Gate. ... A cemetery of tombs in the lady Rababeh belonging to this church will be found described in a later page under the name of that valley." (The Survey of Western Palestine, Charles Warren and Claude ... If the Dome was the former site of the Temple of Jupiter, you would expect Hadrian to place an idol in the hexagonal Jupiter building centered as you walk in, but near the rear of the room giving ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor.htm

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Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ... ... the cries of such as were slain; (249) while the whole space of ground whereon they fought ran with blood, and the wall might have been ascended over by the bodies of the dead carcasses; (250) the mountains also contributed to increase ... July-Aug AD 67. Josephus captured, 39 Jews at Jotapata, 37 commit suicide: (Josephus Wars 3.141-150; 342-344; 352; 362; 383-384; 392 ) In AD 67 the famous Josephus himself took refuge with 40 men a large cistern in the fortress of Jotapata ... Here is a phot of the ultra rare "Gamla coin" of unknown denomination. c. 73 AD 960 Jews at Masada: Then on Monday 12th April AD 73, 960 Jews committed suicide at Masada. The 11 pottery sherds that were used as lots were excavated at Masada in 1965 AD with the names of each of the ... after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest; when their multitude was so great, that room was wanting for the crosses, and crosses wanting for the bodies." (Josephus Wars of the Jews 5.451) ii. "Reland very ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible-Only-Revelation-Commentary-Josephus-Chronology-Destruction-Jerusalem-First-Jewish-War-70AD.htm

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Flavius Josephus Chronology of the Destruction of Jerusalem's ... ... the cries of such as were slain; (249) while the whole space of ground whereon they fought ran with blood, and the wall might have been ascended over by the bodies of the dead carcasses; (250) the mountains also contributed to increase ... July-Aug AD 67. Josephus captured, 39 Jews at Jotapata, 37 commit suicide: (Josephus Wars 3.141- 150; 342-344; 352; 362; 383-384; 392 ) In AD 67 the famous Josephus himself took refuge with 40 men a large cistern in the fortress of ... Here is a phot of the ultra rare "Gamla coin" of 22 unknown denomination. c. 73 AD 960 Jews at Masada: Then on Monday 12 th April AD 73, 960 Jews committed suicide at Masada. The 11 pottery sherds that were used as lots were excavated at Masada in 1965 AD with the names of each of ... after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest; when their multitude was so great, that room was wanting for the crosses, and crosses wanting for the bodies." (Josephus Wars of the Jews 5.451) ii. "Reland very ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/revelation/Bible%20Only%20Revelation%20Commentary%20Josephus-Chronology%20Destruction%20Jerusalem%20Steven%20Rudd.pdf

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Oldest Old Testament Bible manuscripts: Qumran | Wadi Murabba ... ... When the Jews cast lots in 73 AD to decide who would commit suicide first, they wrote their names in Aramaic not Hebrew on pottery sherds. 11 of these Aramaic ostraca have been found including the ... They date to sometime before A.D. 73, when the Romans stormed the fortress, and provide further evidence that the Hebrew text had become unified by the first century A.D. Some of the more interesting biblical texts are: * A very fragmentary Psalms scroll containing parts of Psalms 81:3 (ET 81:2) to 85:10 (ET 85:9) (see fig. 6.8). The text of this scroll is identical to the MT in both content and ... To prevent the desecration of such unusable, but still considered 'holy', scrolls and books they were deposited in such a storage room, and eventually buried in the grave of a rabbi or a community ... No Bible manuscripts or scrolls were found at Wadi Daliyeh but important Persian papyri were excavated. b. References to Sanballat, the enemy of Nehemiah were found on bulla and in the documents. c. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-oldest-manuscripts-Bible-Ancient-copies-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Qumran-Masada-Nahal-Hever-Nahal-Seelim-Wadi-Murabbaat-Masoretic-Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic.htm

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Oldest Old Testament Bible manuscripts: Qumran | Wadi Murabba ... ... When the Jews cast lots in 73 AD to decide who would commit suicide first, they wrote their names in Aramaic not Hebrew on pottery sherds. 11 of these Aramaic ostraca have been found including the ... They date to sometime before A.D. 73, when the Romans stormed the fortress, and provide further evidence that the Hebrew text had become unified by the first century A.D. Some of the more interesting biblical texts are: . A very fragmentary Psalms scroll containing parts of Psalms 81:3 (ET 81:2) to 85:10 (ET 85:9) (see fig. 6.8). The text of this scroll is identical to the MT in both content and ... To prevent the desecration of such unusable, but still considered 'holy', scrolls and books they were deposited in such a storage room, and eventually buried in the grave of a rabbi or a community ... No Bible manuscripts or scrolls were found at Wadi Daliyeh but important Persian papyri were excavated. b. References to Sanballat, the enemy of Nehemiah were found on bulla and in the documents. c. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-oldest-manuscripts-Bible-Ancient-copies-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Qumran-Masada-Nahal-Hever-Nahal-Seelim-Wadi-Murabbaat-Masoretic-Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rolalyn-maqsood-petra ... They were a primitive race who dwelt in caves and lived by hunting; they did not cultivate the ground or keep cattle and sheep; they did not know the arts of making pottery or weaving; their tools and ... people gathered with their tents in the large protected basin-like valley encircled by the mountains, with the massive rock now called Umm al-Biyara (Mother of Cisterns) as its natural fortress. ... the Judaeans was not yet - they were carried off captive, and the Petran Edomites immediately moved into the derelict territory and set up a new kingdom, known as Idumaea (now the Negev in Israel). ... Many ancient peoples practised a cult of the dead. This can most readily be seen whenever graves are excavated, and evidence is found of deposits of food and other necessities, for the use of the dead ... The spring has been enclosed now in a small building with three white domes (it looks like a mosque) and bubbles out from under a stone wall along a pebbly channel. The clear water is safe to drink. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-rosalyn-maqsood-petra-a-travelers-guide-1994ad.htm

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Assassination of Gedaliah July-Sept 587 BC: Bulla ... thus 536 would be approximately seventy years later" (A survey of Old Testament introduction, G. Archer, p403, 1994 AD) 601 BC Jehoiakim rebels after Nebuchadnezzar is repelled by the king of Egypt. ... of Jerusalem, from the land of Benjamin, from the lowland, from the hill country and from the Negev, bringing burnt offerings, sacrifices, grain offerings and incense, and bringing sacrifices of ... son of Ammiel from Lo-debar, and Barzillai the Gileadite from Rogelim, brought beds, basins, pottery, wheat, barley, flour, parched grain, beans, lentils, parched seeds, honey, curds, sheep, and ... Officials, G. Ernest Wright, Vol 1) "The nearby city fortress of Lachish provides clear proof that it had been twice burned over a short period of time, coinciding with the two captures of Jerusalem. ... It was found in the sift from topsoil excavated near the W rim of the mound about 50 cm above the remains of a major public structure termed the Ammonite Citadel by the excavators. The seal impression ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/bulla/bible-archeology-jeremiah-clay-bullae-seal-inscription-property-of-belonging-to-Gedaliah-who-is-over-the-house-Lachish-2-Kings-25-22-587bc.htm

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Seder Olam Rabbah modern Jewish calendar English pdf free online ... Seder Olam is preserved in several manuscripts that date to after 1200 AD. b. Many Dead Sea scroll fragments/scrolls/copies of Jubilees have been excavated showing it was widely read and known ... Chronology is critical in correctly "reading" pottery, destruction layers and site occupational history. If you get the date wrong the entire archeological report and most of its conclusions become ... Bar Kokhba was defeated by Hadrian in 135 AD, the author of the Seder Olam in 160 AD gave themselves "breathing room window" of 371 years into the future before any true messiah could come again. b. ... The use of the Greek proschema (ornament), a term applied in classical literature to other impregnable fortress cities, suggests that Antipas fortified the city in the process (Miller 1984:57). Little ... Chapter 30: Nehemiah to Roman Destruction of Jerusalem 112. (Neh. 1:1) "The words of Nehemiah ben Hakhaliah . . ." Twelve years he was in the land of Israel, repairing the wall and returning every man ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Seder-Olam-Rabbah-full-text-PDF-Free-Online-Chronology-modern-Jewish-calendar-Textual-variants-Bible-manuscripts-Old-Testament-Torah-Tanakh-Rabbinical-Judaism-160AD.htm

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Sabbatatrians Refuted and Sabbath keepers Exposed: 2011 AD ... All it takes is a brief survey of Genesis through Exodus 16 to see that there is nothing of this sort available to Sabbatarians. At the same time, there is only a limited amount of evidence available ... While it may not matter what day Christians choose to worship God, choosing to retain the Sabbath as a day of rest is like rebuilding the same wall of separation that cost God so much to tear down. ... The memory of this ONE is indicated by this literary indicator to have no boundaries. Therefore, there is no room on any subsequent day, whether it be a specific interval of it or not, to "place" any ... Remember the example of Jesus cursing the fig tree. Just because his ceasing/resting is mentioned in a narrative that also mentions that Adam and Eve were made in God's image does not mean that they ... "Then Judas appointed certain men to fight against those that were in the fortress, until he had cleansed the sanctuary. So he chose priests of blameless conversation, such as had pleasure in the law: ... ... https://www.bible.ca/7-lying-for-god-Kerry-Wynne.htm

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Gilgal Apparently unnoticed by archaeologists until examined by the author in 1985, the site features a nearly 6-foot-wide wall of unworked stones enclosing an area measuring 800 feet by 500 feet. A possible inner wall divides the enclosure into a one-third portion in the northern (far) end and a two-thirds portion in the ... Although the site lacks permanent living quarters, it contains considerable pottery, the earliest of which dates to the 13th and 12th centuries B.C.E. and closely resembles pottery from the altar the author excavated on Mt. Ebal. In addition, the monumental size of el 'Unuq's enclosure wall suggests a fortification. This evidence supports the ... As with almost all of the discoveries in this area, we were apparently the first professional archaeologists to visit the site; not only was there no reference to it in the recent literature, but even the half-legendary explorers Claude Conder and Lord H. H. Kitchener did not mention it in their famous British survey of ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-gilgal.htm

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Tamar, Hazazon-tamar, Tamara/Thamara and Tamdar Syria ... to identify the site, which was a major fortress on the south-eastern frontier of the Judaean Kingdom, both with biblical Tamar (Ezek 47:19; 48:28) and with Tamara mentioned in the Roman and Byzantine sources cited. ... The strategic location of `Ein Haseva-Tamar is obvious, sitting as it does at the intersection of four major routes - one leading south to Elath, one traveling east to Edom, a third leading north to Jerusalem, and the fourth leading west through Macaleh `Agrabim to the central Negev area." (The Fortresses at Ein Haseva Rudolph Cohen, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 57, No. 4, p 203-214, 1994) Rudolph Cohen Has accepted Ein Haseva as Biblical Tamar: "In an article last year ... This makes possible the idea that the city of Thamara on the Madaba map is indeed the Tamar of Ezekiel. But there are some problems. First, nothing has been directly excavated identifying any city in the Arabah Valley with Tamar/Thamara etc. We can rule out Mesad Tamar and Ein Tamar as being too ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-tamar-tamdar-in-the-wilderness-palmya-syria-thamara-tamara-en-haseva.htm

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Dictionary of ancient pottery of the Bible ... Lips are described in term of their lip profile (see Lip profile). Lip profile. The lip profile may be flattened, rounded, squared, thickened, or thinned (aka: beveled or peaked). See table 1 and fig. 3. Lug. A lug is a clay element fixed to a vessel for decorative and/or functional purposes. It may function as a means of ... Coilmade is the process of building the vessel walls utilizing a series of clay rings (coils) one on top of the next. The coils may then be smoothed or left to form ribs on the interior or exterior (or both) of the vessel wall. Handmade pottery was made by hand. Moldmade is the process by which certain vessels were produced with the aid of ... Munsell notation can be used to designate any color in the spectrum. Archaeologists and ceramicists, however, use a limited range of Munsell terminology-about one fifth of the total possible combinations-to describe colors of excavated soil layers and ceramics. This range extends from red, reddish- yellow ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-glossary-dictionary-encyclopedia.htm

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The Madaba map (mosaic floor) 542 AD St. George's Orthodox church ... ... The Madaba Map using Jerome's spelling has located properly Mampsis. Many Nabatean, Roman-Byzantine levels excavated at Kuroub. It shows a revival in the fourth century A.D. as also does Oboda (Avdat, 'Abda, and K. 176:9).This may be indicated by "village" in Greek and "oppidum" in Latin (cf. K. 10:25). II Chronicles 20:2 ... In recent years the site has been surveyed by numerous scholars. In 1980, in the framework of the Negev Emergency Survey, Mo'a was examined by a team directed by D. Nahlieli. ... Mo'a was clearly an important way-station on the road from Petra to Gaza, and consisted of a number of building units. Agricultural terraces were surveyed over a wide area in its neighbourhood. The finds indicate that it was founded in the third-second centuries B.C.E., reached its zenith during the reign of Aretas IV, and continued to exist even after the Roman annexation of the Nabatean kingdom in 106 C.E., until the end of the third century." (Rudolph Cohen, Notes and News, Israel ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-madaba-map.htm

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609 BC: Arad Ostraca #88: Jehoiakim is appointed king of Judah ... Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of Judah in 609 BC. 2. Edomites move into the Judean Negev and Zedekiah orders troops for defense. 3. A man seeks asylum in the temple ... Later that day at Engedi, Israel Sommer washed his pottery and only then discovered the inscription on the broken pottery sherd which became Arad ostracon 88. So while Arad ostraca 88 is "unprovenienced" (lacking 3 a dimensional record of where it ... Although remains of only three lines were preserved, these lines are clearly part of a letter from the king of Judah to the fortress commander; according to the handwriting, it must come from Stratum VII. This is an important addition to the ... King of Egypt to..." (Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 88, p 103, 1981 AD) 1. The excavation reports for Arad Ostracon #88 are: a. Arad was excavated 1962-1967 AD. b. Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 40, p 70, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad88-letters-Jehoiakim-Judah-appointed-king-by-Pharoah-Neco-II-Egypt-2Kings23-34-I-became-king-in-all-the-land-be-strong-609bc.htm

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Synagogue Moses' Seat: Metaphor of Pride: Mt 23:2-3; Jas 2:1 ... ... (Fig. 1V-32b), decorated with stone carved aediculae flanked by palm branches (no. 94, only one was discovered) placed on top of the imagined pillars and parts of a gable rendered with a lion (only one such fragment, no. 93, was found), at its ends. This reconstruction seems unlikely as the symmetry is entirely unproven, and no such complex is known elsewhere. (Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research, Rachel Hachlili, p 219, 2013 AD) 7. Delos Synagogue Moses' Seat: a. A marble chair and footstool were found in situ, flanked by a row of marble benches, along the northern half of the west wall of the Delos synagogue in room A, ... V, XXV) maintains it served as a Seat of the Elders, and that Samuel the Elder, the builder of the synagogue, sat on this raised seat beside the Torah Shrine, whereas Rostovtzeff (1938:106) considered the seat to be reserved for the Cohen. " (Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Moses-Seat-Metaphor-Pride-reader-leader-judge-Architectural-ancient-Synagogue-pre-70AD-standardized-typology-design-incorporated-adopted-similarities-into-church.htm

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The Levitical Priesthood A. Ceramic Pomegranate found at Shiloh archeological excavations in 2018 AD: 1. Two Pomegranates excavated at Shiloh: dating to 1100 BC: a. 2018 AD by Associates for Biblical Research excavation team, Object 900: "The ceramic pomegranate came, as noted above, from Locus 7 of the new excavations at Shiloh ... Unfortunately, the Danish excavators did not specify the exact location of each object from the cave, but they did mention that 2 flint implements (#101-102) and the possible pomegranate (#100), which they identified as a stopper (Fig. 10), emerged near the bottom (Buhl and Holm-Nielsen 1969: 25). The pottery associated with object #100 dates from Iron Age I-II, which gives an ... When they had gone up into the Negev, they came to Hebron where Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmai, the descendants of Anak were. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) Then they came to the valley of Eshcol and from there cut down a branch with a single cluster of grapes; and they carried it on a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/archeology-exodus-route-sinai-levitical-priesthood-levi-gershomites-kohathites-merarites-aaronic-zadok-asaph-heman-ethan-abiathar-eli-sadducees-annas-caiaphas-ananias.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Literary Sources: Jews persecuting Christians ... ... " (The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem, 614 c.e.- An Archaeological Assessment, Gideon Avni, BASOR, No. 357, p35-48, 2010 AD) d. "Another large concentration of bones was accidentally discovered in the course of construction works about 300 m north of the Mamilla burial cave and to the northwest of the Old City walls (Kloner 2001: 137-38; and see fig. 1).2 Four deep trenches were excavated in an area of 10.5 x 8 m, revealing a thick accumulation of bones scattered above bedrock. A cistern and a wall segment were observed nearby. It seems that this was an open stone quarry, in which a water cistern was constructed in a later stage. The quarry and cistern were filled with a thick deposit containing a large quantity of bones. In the lower section of this deposit, large quantities of Byzantine pottery and a heap of white tesserae (maybe the remains of a floor) were found. The thick concentration of bones was found above this layer, associated with additional pottery (Kloner 2001: 138). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ancient-Synagogue-Archeological-Literary-Sources-Bible-Jesus-Israel-Judea-diaspora-first-century-oldest-pre70A-Justin-Martyr-patristic-apostolic-church-father-150ad.htm

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Nuweiba Beach Red Sea crossing: Rejected, debunked, refuted ... There were simply not enough troops to secure both Kinah AND Ramah-Negev. e. King Zedekiah recorded his threatening response in a follow-up letter on another pottery sherd to Eliashib, the kings executive agent at the Arad fortress on Arad ostraca #24 (Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" 597 BC). Zedekiah's follow-up letter to Eliashib on Arad ostraca #24 was simple: Send 50 soldiers from Arad and 100 from Kinah under the command of Malchijah from Arad, and deliver them to the command of Elisha, commander of the Ramah-Negev fortress that is under Edomite attack OR DIE. f. In the end, we know from archeology that all four ... Maqla and it must stop to prevent further damage to the cause of Christ. II. REJECTED: The Impossible Nuweiba Red Sea Crossing: Introduction: 1. Master Summary of Glen Fritz Nuweiba Red Sea Crossing route to Mt. Lawz: a. Elephant in the room: What triggered Pharaoh to chase Moses? Was Pharaoh "self-triggered" to overtake Moses at ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ruling-out-candiates-excluding-red-sea-crossing-points-kadesh-barnea.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Delos, Greece 250 BC at the Jerusalem Temple of Solomon. 3. See also: The Samaritans: Full outline and their history. https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-shechem-josephs-tomb-1865ad.jpg 4. "The oldest synagogue in the Diaspora to be preserved, excavated, and reported is the one from the Aegean island of Delos, birthplace of Apollo. ... This is a provision for a seated congregation. In the published plans, there is also a evidence that marble benches were found on the south wall of Room B. These benches are about 45 cm. wide. In the middle of the extant bench on the west is a fine marble "throne," designated a "Seat of Moses" in some publications, though probably ... an elaborate decorated symmetrically-designed complex for the 'Seat of Moses' and interpret the word `stoa' in the inscrip-tion as alluding to the entire row of benches, suggesting that the 'Seat of Moses' complex stood in the center of the row of benches along the northern wall, on the axis of the Torah Shrine (Fig. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Delos-Greece-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-Samaritan-seat-of-Moses-benches-inscriptions-Mt-Gerizim-temple-250bc.htm

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Stoneware: First Century Ritual Purity Stone Vessels ... to standard pottery in current use. 6. Large storage jars (Cana) 7. Water basins (Khirbet el-Maqatir) 8. Ossuaries (bone boxes for the dead) I. How Stoneware Vessels are made 1. First century Stone vessel manufacturing Quarries near Jerusalem: a. ... We actually have no idea what Jesus used at the last supper. b. Steven Rudd made an educated guess based upon the latest research in Biblical archeology. 2. The Author excavated this Ritual Purity Stone Basin at Khirbet el-Maqatir in 2013 AD. a. It was found in about 20 fragments in Cav1 and each piece was recorded three dimensionally by Square Supervisor Abigail Leavitt who also fitted the pieces together. b. The fragments were taken to Orna Cohen who restored the entire vessels to its present ... Why would six huge and very expensive stoneware pots be there in the first place and why were they not being used in the wedding catering? The answer is likely that they were in an adjoining storage room of the synagogue near the banquet hall. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/pottery/Bible-pottery-Stoneware-vessels-Ritual-Purity-First-Century-Jesus-communion-cups-Lords-last-supper-footwashing-basin-six-pots-ossuary-quarry-cores-archeology.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gush Halav, Gischala 78 BC ... Other architectural features discovered inside the synagogue include fieldstone benches along the western and northern walls. and a bema (or, according to the excavators, two consecutive bemas), against the south wall to the west of the doorway. The ... and/or 66-67 (Miller 1984), we have a fairly solid indication that Gush Halav was the site of a Hasmonean-Herodian fortress (cf. Jotapata and Sepphoris). That implies also that whatever Hasmonean (or Herodian) military garrison was in the area was located at Gush Halav, and not Meiron. Given "the significant quantities of Chalcolithic, Early Bronze, and Middle Bronze pottery, ... significant quantities of Iron II material," ... "several nearly complete bowls [from the Persian period]," and the ... under Jerusalem rule for eight centuries prior to 104 b.c.e. (Archaeology and the Villages of Upper Galilee: A Dialogue with Archaeologists, Richard Horsley, BASOR 297, p7, 1995 AD) 2. Two synagogues have been excavated at Gush Halav (Gischala) a. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gush-Halav-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-John-of-Gischala-first-jewish-war-revolt-bema-heart-columns-ark-scrolls-78bc.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: New Testament Jericho 75 BC However, we do have two known synagogues that have been excavated in Jericho which you can visit today. 3. One in New Testament Jericho 3 km away from the other. (75-31 BC) a. In 25 BC, Herod's built his second palace on top of the synagogue's ruins from the earthquake in 31 BC, a.so it did not exist when Jesus visited ... The western part included a fairly large hall (ca. 16X11 m) surrounded by pillars and aisles, the longitudinal axis of which runs from east to west. Immediately to the south of this hall is located a ritual bath with two small adjacent rooms. During the course of time, part of the hall's western wall was demolished, and a room, ca. 6.5X5 m in size, ... A small podium, apparently for cooking, built of mud bricks, and showing clear evidence of fire, was exposed in the room's only right-angled corner. We shall now briefly survey the other parts of the building. There were two rooms to the south of the courtyard, one of which might have served as the vestibule of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Jericho-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-bema-ark-of-scrolls-niche-mikveh-oven-samaritan-Bartimaeus-Zaccheus-75bc.htm

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First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Magdala, Taricheae 50 BC ... This stone table for setting the Septuagint on was found in situ. 6. "Migdal I: In the north-west part of the Migdal site, a structure identified as a synagogue of the Second Temple period (50 BCE-100 CE) was recently discovered (excavated by Dina Avshalom-Gorni and Arfan Najjar of the IAA in summer 2009; Avshalom-Gorni and Najjar 2009). The structure consists of a complex building with a temenos, an entranceway, which served as a learning room and leads into an almost square hall, with the main entrance on the west. The main hall (the excavators termed it a 'grand reading hall') inner structure (about 120 m) has stone benches built along the walls. Two columns are revealed at each end of the west wall. The south and north walls are slightly longer than the other two (Fig. 11-8). The floor was covered by an unfinished mosaic pavement, and the walls and columns were painted with coloured frescos. A square decorated stone was found in the center of the reading hall, on a floor of pebbles ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Magdala-Taracheae-Migdal-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-Mary-Magdelene-heart-table-4-freestanding-columns-50bc.htm

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495-399 BC: The Judean Elephantine Egyptian Papyrus letters to ... ... likely completed until after the destruction of Solomon's temple in 587 BC. To suggest Zedekiah directly authorized the building of the temple is uncertain and perhaps unlikely given the Judean Negev was under attack by the Edomites starting in 605 BC until they burned Solomon's temple with the Babylonians in 587 BC. c. ... Written to a Persian official whose name is lost, it accuses the Egyptian priests of bribing Vidranga, the corrupt district governor, and then running riot in the Jewish quarter of the island, stopping up a well and building a wall in the middle of the fortress. The writers demand a hearing before the regional judiciary, so that blame can be ... for her garments; b. 1 new wood chest, papyrus-reed, alabaster stone inlays c. 1 pair of Persian leather (sandals); 2 jugs, 2 trays d. 5 ladles to carry oil: 2 pottery, 2 wood, 1 stoneware e. 1 chest of wood for her jewels; f. Handfuls: 2 oil, 4 olive oil; 1 scented oil; 5 castor oil. 6. Divorce "law of hatred": a. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm

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How Petra was Built, Shaher M. Rababeh, 2005, p223-227 ... The presence of foreigners among the people of Petra, as reported by Athenodorus in Strabo's account,15 makes this even more likely. The second factor which affected the Nabataean construction techniques was the availability of the building materials. The survey of the materials made in ... However, the Nabataeans avoided using sandstone for long horizontal beams (lintels and architraves), since it is friable and cannot withstand high tensile forces. This is the best explanation for the absence of the architrave blocks from the pronaoi of the buildings excavated so far. In certain circumstances, as the builders could not use slabs to cover longer intervals than 1.1 m (table in Fig. 6.37), they used ... No one in the ancient world, outside Petra, ever carved a two-story rock-cut monument on this scale.3° Although the architectural composition of el-Khazneh is found in wall-paintings, it is now generally accepted that the form of it and other buildings in Petra was influenced by the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra-how-petra-was-built-shaher-m-rababeh-2005ad.htm

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