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597 BC Ostraca Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira) "MPQD" Ostracon #1 Joshua ... Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Arad Letters Ramah-Negev is a late bronze city that dates back to the time of Joshua. Ira ostraca #1 was discovered in 1984 AD this ostraca references two army troop commanders at a time (597 BC) when the Edomites were invading the Negev. Ira Ostraca collection "This paper proposes that the inscription should be read: mpqd brkyhw gbḥ; mpqd šlmyhw, referring to only two men, both bearing quite popular given names at the ... Following Garfinkel's view that mpqd means "command" (2 Chron 31:13), the text is translated: "The command of Berekhyahu (the) Bald; The command of Šelemyahu." The ... Second Temple times-was already established at this early period." (The MPQD Ostracon from Tel ʿIra: A New Reading, Aaron Demsky, BASOR 345, 2007 AD) Fortress at Ramah-Negev Tel ... Ramah-Negev is found in two Bible passages: Joshua 19:8; 1 Samuel 30:27 "together with all the villages all around these towns as far as Baalath-beer, Ramah of the Negeb. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Ramah-Negev-Tell-Ira1-letters-census-MPQD-miphqad-mipqad-command-of-Berechiah-Bald-Joshua19-8-Shelemiah-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #24: Letter from Zedekiah to send troops ... Arad Ostraca #24 (597 BC) Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into Judah Letter 2 from Zedekiah to Arad: Send troops to Ramah-Negev or be executed! Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Letter 1: Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "We won't send troops" 597 BC (this page) Letter 2: Arad Ostracon #24 ... Archeology has proven there were fortresses dating to around 600 BC at Arad, Kinah (Horvat Uza) Moladah (Tel Malhata) and Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira)." (Steve Rudd, 2015 AD) 5 letters: A Snapshot of the storyline reconstructed from the two ostraca letters ... The troops from Arad and Kinah must have assembled at Mo-ladah (Tel Malhata), which is located in the juncture of the two places, on the main road leading to nearby Ramah-Negeb." (Ostracon 40 from Arad reconsidered, ... 1 Sam 30:27; Josh 19:8. Military letters from Tel Ira ostracon #1 reads: "The command of Berekiah (the) Bald; The command of Shelemiah". lit: Malkiyahu: also in Arad ostracon #24,40. Malchijah is used 16x in the Bible. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad24-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-life-and-death-matter-Eliashib-Malchijah-Elisha-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Edom-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #40: Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into ... Arad Ostraca #40 (597 BC) Zedekiah and the Edomite invasion into Judah Letter 1 from Kinah to Arad and Zedekiah: We won't sent troops to Ramah Negev! Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Letter 1: Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "We won't send troops" 597 BC (this page) Letter 2: Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send ... The troops from Arad and Kinah must have assembled at Mo-ladah (Tel Malhata), which is located in the juncture of the two places, on the main road leading to nearby Ramah-Negeb." (Ostracon 40 from Arad reconsidered, Nadav na'aman, 2003 AD) Arad #40 "Letter to Zedekiah", is Gemariah and Nehemiah's reply to Malchijah in Jerusalem where they refuse to send troops to Ramah-Negev because of the threat of Edomite attacks at their fortress of Kinah. Archeology has proven there were fortresses dating to around 600 BC at Arad, Kinah (Horvat Uza) and Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira). (Steven Rudd, 2015 AD) Arad ostraca #24 is Zedekiah's angry reply to Arad #40 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad40-letters-edomite-threat-send-troops-Gemariah-Nehemiah-Malchijah-Eshijah-Ramah-Negev-Tel-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-YHWH-597bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca introduction: Jehoiakim, Zedekiah, Nico ... Introduction to Arad and Tel Ira Ostraca: 608, 597 BC Jehoiakim | Zedekiah | Nico II | Solomon's Temple | Edomite invasion into Judah Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Click to View Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of ... Arad #18 "Solomon Temple Sanctuary" Jehoiakim becomes king in 609 BC Arad #88 "Neco II appoints Jehoiakim" Edomite attack on Judah Ira #1 "Commanders of Ramah" Click to enlarge map Map of Arad, Ramah-Negev (Ira) Introduction: Ostraca (singular = ostracon) are any type of writing on clay fired pottery Ostraca were often created when seals of personal property likely ... Jerusalem (in Hebrew). "Eighty-eight Hebrew, eighty-five Aramaic, five Arabic, and two Greek ostraca were discovered during excavations at Tell Arad, in the eastern Negeb, from 1962-1967 (with the exception of Hebrew ostracon 88, found in 1974). Three more Hebrew ostraca were found in 1976. As indicated by ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-Arad-18-24-40-88-letters-refugee-temple-YHWH-edomite-threat-troops-edom-Ramah-Negev-Ira-Kinah-Horvat-Uza-Neco-II-Egypt-Jehoiakim-Zedekiah-Judah-608-597bc.htm

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The Edomites: From Esau to Edom to Idumea to Extinction 2006BC ... ... Arad ostraca #40 was written first and #24 is the reply. The two ostraca [Arad inscription 40 and inscription 24] illustrate the state of emer-gency in the Negeb of Judah in the last years of the kingdom of Judah, when the high command found it difficult to impose its authority on the local fort command-ers and was obliged to issue strict orders and even threaten them with the death pen-alty for its commands to be obeyed." (Ostracon 40 from Arad reconsidered, Nadav na'aman, 2003 AD) This is important because it proves Kadesh Barnea CANNOT be located at Ein Qudeirat in the ... This proves Kadesh Barnea cannot be at Qudeirat because the border of Edom in 1446 BC was 50 km east in modern Jordan. The Edomites attacks the Ramah-Negev fortress (Tel Ira) triggering king Zedekiah to write letters to the fortress commanders. Arad Ostraca #40 and #24 document a series of 5 different letters of correspondence between King Zedekiah of Judah and the fortress commanders at Arad and Kinah. The ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-edomite-territory-mt-seir.htm

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609 BC: Arad Ostraca #88: Jehoiakim is appointed king of Judah ... Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of Judah in 609 BC. 2. Edomites move into the Judean Negev and Zedekiah orders ... "What we read in the book, we find in the ground" Click here for SPECIAL INTRODUCTION TO ALL ARAD OSTRACA Arad Ostracon #88: Egypt appoints Jehoiakim Introduction to Arad ostracon #88: Read first to understand ... by Israel Sommer in 1974 when we walked the entire site and randomly picked up surface pottery and putting all the pieces into a single bag without marking where each piece was found on tel Arad. ... a PERFECT MATCH to the Bible story: What you read in the book you find in the ground! Arad and Ramah-Negev Ostraca collection 609, 597 BC Arad Letters Excavated 1962-1967 AD from an official ... Arad #18 "Solomon Temple Sanctuary" Jehoiakim becomes king in 609 BC Arad #88 "Neco II appoints Jehoiakim" Edomite attack on Judah Ira #1 "Commanders of Ramah" Click to enlarge map Map of Arad, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad88-letters-Jehoiakim-Judah-appointed-king-by-Pharoah-Neco-II-Egypt-2Kings23-34-I-became-king-in-all-the-land-be-strong-609bc.htm

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597 BC: Arad Ostraca #18: Man seeks asylum in Temple of Solomon ... Digging up Bible stories! 5 ostraca document 3 important Bible events: 1. Pharaoh Nico II appoints Jehoiakim king of Judah in 609 BC. 2. Edomites move into the Judean Negev and Zedekiah orders ... "What we read in the book, we find in the ground" Click here for SPECIAL INTRODUCTION TO ALL ARAD OSTRACA Arad Ostracon #18: YHWH, Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem Introduction to Arad ostracon #18: Read first to ... One may assume that he was the head of a troop, sent 'with his forces to one of the fortresses in the Negeb. The Kersosi -- a member of the Kei os family, known from the Bible (Ezra 2:44; Neh ... These verses speak of the Temple at Jerusalem, but it appears that other temples also served as sanctuaries, such as the altar at Ramah (1 Sam 19:18) and the temple Beer-Sheba (1 Kgs 19:3). It is ... Arad #18 "Solomon Temple Sanctuary" Jehoiakim becomes king in 609 BC Arad #88 "Neco II appoints Jehoiakim" Edomite attack on Judah Ira #1 "Commanders of Ramah" Click to enlarge map Map of Arad, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad18-letters-refugee-Solomons-temple-of-YHWH-Eliashib-Qerosite-Keros-homer-measure-Shemaiah-Zedekiah-597bc.htm

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Zedekiah, Matteniah King of Judah 597-587 BC The Chronological ... ... the word of the Lord came to me saying, "Son of man, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon made his army labor hard against Tyre; every head was made bald and every shoulder was rubbed bare. But he and his army had no wages from Tyre for the labor that he had performed against it." ... The reason was because moving the troops out of Kinah to nearby Ramah-Negev would seriously endanger the security of Kinah itself against the Edomites! There were simply not enough troops to secure both Kinah AND Ramah-Negev. Eshijah, who had been sent by Malchijah from Arad to Kinah with the order to supply troops, asks for the very letter written on Arad ostraca #24 (Arad Ostracon #24 Letter from Zedekiah: "Send troops or be executed" ... After the destruction of Shiloh, Nob is where the tabernacle tent had stood for 76 years from 1094 to 1018 BC. i. David fled Saul from his palace at Gibeah (Tel el-Ful) to Nob (Mount of Olives) and ate the showbread then Saul slaughtered the priests shortly thereafter. ii. It ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-Zedekiah-Matteniah-last-king-of-judah-seal-bulla-cave-597-587bc

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The Iron Age Fortresses at En Haseva, Rudolph Cohen, 1995 AD ... corner, built of large silex blocks, is preserved to the height of more than a meter. It appears to be a fortress, similar in plan to those found at several Iron Age sites in the central Negev (Cohen 1995). ... The northwestern route led to Beersheva by way of Horvat (Uza, Horvat Qitmit, Tel Malhata, Tel (Ira, and Tel Masos. Alternatively, from Horvat cUza one could travel to Arad, Horvat Tov (Cohen 1985; 1988/89a), and from there to the Hebron area and on to Jerusalem. The southern route led to Ezion-geber ... Further evidence for continuing animosity between Judea and Edom comes from an early sixth-century BCE ostracon from Arad. Known as the Ramoth-negeb ostracon and thought to be a letter from the king in Jerusalem, the text concludes "...Behold, I have sent ... Israel Exploration Journal 13:30-42. 1967 Forerunners of the Limes: Iron Age Fortresses in the Negev. Israel Exploration Journal 17:1-17. 1970 Three Hebrew Ostraca from Arad. Bulletin of the American Schools of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-negev-ein-haseva-rudolph-cohen-1995ad.htm

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Ostraca, Tablets and Inscriptions of the Bible Elisha Ostraca: Discovered in 2013 AD at Tel Rehov (Biblical Abel-meholah), the ostraca with the name of Elisha written in ancient Paleo-Hebrew is a stunning confirmation of the Bible. A honey bee factory (apiary) was also discovered with man-made ceramic cylinder bee hives. Excavations at Tel Rehov: Elisha ostraca was found in 2013 AD See also: Chronology of Elisha and Elijah Lachish Letters Ostraca collection King Josiah Letters Ostraca collection DETAILED OUTLINE DETAILED OUTLINE Arad Ostraca collection Ramah-Negev (Tel Ira) Ostraca collection DETAILED OUTLINE DETAILED OUTLINE Ostraca from Kuntillet Ajrud Founded as a Negev border fortress by Solomon, it was occupied by the pagan Jews from the corrupt northern tribes whose capital was Samaria. Notice that they are Jews worshipping YHWH, but then say that YHWH has a wife! (Consort or Asherah). OLDEST BIBLE TEXT ON EARTH: Most striking is that this pagan inscription contains the oldest quotation of the Bible on earth from Numbers ... ... https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/welcome.htm

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(The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen ... ... Among the "Negev" pottery were oil-lamps and several small bowls. The northernmost room in the eastern casemate wall, which was especially rich in pottery finds, also yielded fragments of an ostracon, on which were a number of lines in ancient Egyptian writing. Two Hebrew ostraca were found in the central courtyard; the first features three consecu-tive letters (zayin, het, ... The fortress of H. `Uza (Grid Reference 1657 X 0687) is quite similar in plan to the upper fortress at Kadesh-barnea. It is situated above Naha! Qina, ca. 8 km. southeast of Tel Arad, on the edge of the Negev plateau, just before the terrain proceeds on its steep descent to the Dead Sea. The fortress was first described in ... Israel Exploration Journal 10: 23-26, 97-11 l. Alt, A. Haven, CT: American Schools of Oriental Research. Aharoni, Y. 1931 Limes Palaestinae. Palastinajahrbuch 27: 75-84. 1958 The Negeb of Judah. Israel Exploration Journal8: Cohen, R. 26-38. 1966a Sede Boger Area. Hadashot Arkheologiyot 17: ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-iron-age-fortresses-central-negev-rudolph-cohen-1979ad.htm

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Nuweiba Beach Red Sea crossing: Rejected, debunked, refuted ... The Bitter Lakes were 15 km from Goshen and the Port of Suez contradict Exodus 5:3 because they are much less than three days away from Tel el-Dab'a. The three days of Ex 5:3 and the three stops between Goshen and the Red Sea do not give us any useful ... The first incursion of Edom into the tribal allotment of Judah and Simeon did not occur until after the first attack of Nebuchadnezzar in 605 BC. This is validated through the Arad Ostraca. b. At age 30, Esau moves from Judah to Seir, conquered the Horites ... Zedekiah issues orders to Malchijah, the troop commander at the Arad fortress, to send troops from Arad and the nearby Kinah fortress, to the fortress at Ramah-Negev to secure its safety and defense. Malchijah relays Zedekiah's orders by sending Eshijah from Arad to his son Gemariah, the commander of the nearby fortress at Kinah. d. The fortress commander replied on Arad Ostracon #40 (Arad Ostracon #40 Letter to Zedekiah: "We won't send troops" 597 BC) It is a letter written ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ruling-out-candiates-excluding-red-sea-crossing-points-kadesh-barnea.htm

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Excavations At Kadesh-Barnea: 1976-1978, Ein el-Qudeirat, Rudolph ... ... Two more casemate rooms on this side of the fortress were uncovered. On their floors, in a layer of ashes, was wheel-made and "Negev" pottery from the final phase of the Iron Age. In another room, already partially excavated in ... It is still incomplete, with 4 fragments manifestly lacking. While its study remains in a preliminary stage, it is possible to state that the ostracon consists of six vertical columns of mainly hieratic numerals and weight symbols. The first column is apparently a list of units of measurement, similar to those employed in the well-known Arad ostraca. The second column, though partially missing or blurred, lists the ... Kadesh-barnea remains a promising object of future exploration, and further data on the southern zone of ancient Israel undoubtedly lie hidden in its ruins. Bibliography Aharoni, Y. 1958 The Negeb of Judah. Israel Exploration Journal 8: 26-38. 1973 Beer-sheba I: Excavations at Beer- sheba, 1969-1971. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Institute ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-excavations-at-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-ba-1976-1982ad.htm

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Pots and Polities: Material Remains of Late Iron Age Judah in ... ... figu-rine in the Rockefeller Museum); 5. Jerusalem (Holland 1975: fig. 9:4); 6. Tel Beer Sheba (unpublished, courtesy of I. Beit Arieh and Z. Herzog). focused primarily on prehistoric phases and on cul-tural changes, and neglects historical cases. ... Different reconstructions of changes in Judah's borders can be made for the period 609-568 B.C. Perhaps the area of Benjamin was lost to Babylon and the Negev to Edom, but there is no clear his-torical evidence. It seems that until the last days, the borders remained more or less the same: the Shephelah, Lachish, and Azekah remained in Judah (Jeremiah 34:7, and the Lachish Letters [Torczyner 1938]), as did En Gedi in the east and Arad in the south (the Arad ostraca [Aharoni 1981]). Perhaps some sites ... Ramat Rahel 6 2 1?* 7 11 Ramot 1 2 3 Tel Beer Sheba 5 3 2 17 27 Tell Beit Mirsim 1 2 3 Tell en-Nasbeh 5 1 1 24 31 Tell el-Ful 1 1 Tel Ira 1 1 2 Tel Halif 1 1 Tel Masos 1 1 Coastal Plain Gezer 4 4 Tell el-Farah (S) 1(+1?) 1 3 Tell Jemneh 1 1 1 13 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-pots-and-polities-material-remains-of-late-iron-age-judah-in-relation-to-its-political-borders-raz-kletter-1999ad.htm

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Joshua's Altar on Mt. Ebal and the Lead Curse Tablet ... The curse tablet predates the oldest known Hebrew use of YHWH by 300-575 years. Currently, the oldest Hebrew text that contained YHWH, is the Kuntillet Ajrud ostracon ... In AD 2017, Steven Rudd identified from excavation reports, that the oldest bible verses ever discovered was the from the assemblage of ostraca from Kuntillet Ajrud. ... must conceal countless historical discoveries. In early 1978 a small team from Tel Aviv University, succeeded by a group from Haifa University, began an ... Eastward it slopes down in four broad "steps,- today mostly covered with olive groves and field crops. Most of the mountain is bald and rocky, and is built of hard, ... From the Iron Age, a Philistine altar was found at Tel Qasile, and Israelite altars were discovered at Tel Arad and Beer-Sheva. From this very considerable ... This type accompanies the Israelite settlement and other cultures in Canaan from the upper Galilee to Tel Masos in the Negev. Parallels are found at Taanach IA (Rag ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-altar-of-joshua.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... Introduction The regional approach to archaeological research is gradually assuming a predominant role in Israel. In the Negev this trend may be traced back to the early 1960s when Y. Aharoni began his regional research in the Arad-Beersheva Valley, a project that has continued even after his untimely death in 1976. This project, preceded by a survey of the Negeb of Judah (Y. Aharoni 1958), initiated the largescale excavations at Arad (Y. Aharoni 1975; M. Aharoni 1981), Tel Malhata (Kochavi 1977), Tel Masos (Kempinski et al. 1981), Beersheba and Tel 'Ira (Beit Arieh 1981; cf. Y. Aharoni 1973; Herzog, forthcoming). An overall picture of settlement in the ... Biblical Archaeologist 39:55-78. Aharoni, Y, ed. 1973 Beer-sheba I: Excavations at Tel Beer-Sheba, 1969- 1971 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. Beit Arieh, I. 1981 Notes and News: Tel Ira, 1980. Israel Exploration Journal 31: 243 -45. Cohen, R. 1979 The Israelite Fortresses in the Negev Highlands. Qadmoniot 12: 38-50 (Hebrew). ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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Elijah and Elisha Chronology timeline 870-810 BC The Jewish Synagogue was a type of the Christian Church Physical Jews were types of spiritual Christians by faith not blood! 25 Archeological confirmations of the Bible: 1. Tel Dan Excavations confirm Ben-Hadad I destroyed the city in 895 BC ... Basalt Throne 849 BC f. Clay Brick 858-839 BC g. Twin Bulls 840 BC h. Marble Tablets 838 BC i. Alabaster Statue 838 BC 7. Kuntillet Ajrud ostraca "Fortress in the Negev": 839 BC 8. Silver Scroll from Ketef Hinnom: 725-650 BC 9. Elisha of Ostraca found in the home town ... A list of 25 wars. 2. Elisha's three prophet's Schools: a. In 1200 BC Deborah was judging Israel at her "tree" between Ramah and Bethel: "Now Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lappidoth, was judging Israel at that time. She used to sit under ... The prophets spend 3 days looking for Elijah in vain. Elisha purifies Jericho spring water. Elisha sends two mother bears to kills 42 youths who mocked the bald headed of 43-year-old Elisha. TYPE: Living waters: Elijah purified the death of the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/chronology/bible-chronology-timeline-Elijah-Elisha-John-the-Baptist-Jesus-types-antitypes-870-810BC.htm

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Solomon's network of military border fortresses in the Negev ... This conclusion was reached after an intensive study of the finds from the Early Iron Age strata at Tel Beersheba (Herzog, forthcoming), material that was not available to the authors of the earlier studies." (Enclosed Settlements in the Negeb , Ze'ev Herzog, 1983 AD) This combined architectural and geographic data is apparently the key to unraveling the Gordian knot between two disparate types of settlements that for several decades were erroneously considered to be a single phenomenon. (Enclosed Settlements in the Negeb, Ze'ev Herzog, 1983 AD) I. No ... "Another common denominator of the Negev fortresses besides the casemate structure, is Negev ware (Cohen 1986: 385-94). One may dispute its significance and the identity of the makers, but one cannot ignore the fact that Negev ware is a distinctly regional phenomenon, never appearing in the Beersheba Valley sites, whether early (Arad, Esdar, Beersheba, Masos) or late (Arocer, Ira, Uzza, Kitmit). I agree with the attribution of Negev ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-davids-negev-border-fortress-network.htm

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The "Aharoni Fortress" Near Quseima and the "Israelite Fortresses ... ... phenomenon, never appearing in the Beersheba Valley sites, whether early (Arad, Esdar, Beersheba, Masos) or late (Arocer, Ira, Uzza, Kitmit). I agree with the attribution of Negev ware to the southern desert nomads, and consider this quite adequate for our purpose. The attempts to narrow down the identification to a specific ethnic group seem unreasonable (Eitam 1988: 333 attributes it to the Hurrians). Herzog, too, accepts the general identification (Herzog 1983: 44). That being the case, it is hard to understand how he can agree with the identification of Tel Masos, where no Negev ware has been discovered, with "the city of Amalek," ... Danin, A. 1985 Palaeoclimates in Israel: Evidence from Weathering Patterns of Stones In and Near Archaeological Sites. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 259: 33-43. Eitam, D. 1988 The Settlement of Nomadic Tribes in the Negeb Highlands During the 11th Century B.C. Pp. 313-40 in Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-aharoni-fortress-near-quseima-israelite-fortresses-in-negev-zeev-meshel-1994ad.htm

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Ein El-Qudeirat is not Kadesh Barnea: : Wrongly identified as ... ... Judah, in the Babylonian campaign (Malamat 1968, 1975)." (The Iron Age Fortresses in the Central Negev, Rudolph Cohen, 1979 AD) Click to View Tel Qudeirat in 1905 before any excavation: Schmidt: Click to View "The sites excavated by Cohen have all produced remains of the typical ... The author would like to state his preliminary opinion that, in view of the repetitive character of the list (with the numbers written several times, sometimes with shekel signs and sometimes without). the ostracon probably comprises a kind of exercise in scribal recording. Hieratic numerals have already appeared on other ostraca from Arad and elsewhere in Judah, but, unlike those scholars who see in the hieratic ... Click to View "The earliest fortress on the site was erected seemingly on virgin soil in the 10th-9th centuries B.C.E. Its ground plan, as explained previously, has not been determined, but it evidently belonged to a wide-ranging fortress network then existing in the Central Negev. These ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-ein-el-qudeirat.htm

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Nelson Glueck's 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A ... ... Very little can be said of the fragmentary architec-ture of Period V, except to note an alignment different from that of the earlier fortified settle-ment. Phoenician and Aramaic ostraca of the 5th and early 4th centuries B.c. (Glueck 197 lb: ... Aharoni, M. 1981 The Pottery of Strata 12-11 of the Iron Age Citadel of Arad. Eretz Israel 15: 181-204. Aharoni, Y. 1958 The Negeb of Judah. Israel Exploration Journal 8: 26-38. 1959 The Date of Casemate Walls in Judah and Israel and Their Purpose. ... at Ramat Rahel, II, Seasons of 1961 and 1962. Serie Archaeologica 6. Rome: Centro Di Studi Semitici, University of Rome. 1967 Forerunners of the Limes: Iron Age For-tresses in the Negev. Israel Exploration Journal 17: 1-12. 1968 Arad: Its Inscriptions and Temple. Biblical Archaeologist 31: 2-32. 1971a The Stratification of Israelite Megiddo. Eretz Israel 10: 53-57. 1971b The Stratification of Israelite Megiddo. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31: 302-11. 1972 Excavations at Tel Beer-Sheba. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber-nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavations-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico-1985ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea ... ... A similar suggestion was advanced by Kuhtreiber. Today, most scholars accept the identification of Kadesh-barnea with Tel el-Qudeirat, especially since Woolley and Lawrence discovered at the site the remains of a rectangular fortress ... The latter associated it with nomad potters active in the Negev and Aravah who lacked the knowledge and equipment to produce more finished ware. Glueck ultimately subscribed to this view, connecting such pottery with the nomadic and ... The third line (the clearest) includes numbers arranged in a column from 100 to 800, each number followed by the Hebrew word gerah - the smallest known weight measure, amounting to about 0.50 grams. Other ostraca bear hieratic numbers or fragments thereof, including one ostracon of five lines, ... There is evidence of similar settlement, though on a very restricted scale, elsewhere in the Central Negev (e.g., Horvat Ritma). In Beersheba and Nahal Besor region there is ample proof of resettlement -between ancient Arad and Tell ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-kadesh-barnea-fortress-judaean-israel-museum-1983ad.htm

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Hebrew, Jewish, Yehuda, Bible coins of the Persian Empire ... On Arad Ostracon 40 the text is unfortunately damaged after yĕhûd (l.13); it is therefore not certain that -āh followed, as is often assumed. Both the etymology and the original meaning are disputed. There is, however, a growing consensus that the original meaning was geographic: Mt. Judah. Compare expressions such as ʾereṣ yĕhûdâ (Amos 7:12), midbar yĕhûdâ (Judg 1:16), negeb yĕhûdâ (1 Sam 27:10). Consequently, the main tribe of this area was called ... It is a striking fact that a name yĕhûdâ until now has not been found among the hundreds of extrabiblical personal names discovered on ostraca and seals. This could speak in favor of Lipínski's hypothesis that the name is related to Arabic wahda/yahda, ... This leads one to ask a natural question: is this the same figure or are we dealing with two different people? Anyone looking at photographs of the coins found attached to one another at Tel Gamma will immediately discern that three of them are of the type bearing ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Jesus-coins-of-the-bible-Persian-Empire-539-333BC.htm

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'Edomite', `Negbite' And 'Midianite' Pottery From The Negev Desert ... ... Code Registration Type of vessel Find spot Century Origin Average no. no. according dilution to INAA factor 'Edomite' Ql* 1523.1 Ostracon (Horvat 'Liza) 7-6 BC N-E Negev 0.92 Q3* 518'1 Ostracon incised with 'QAUS' I N-E Negev 0.90 Q4 214;4 ... In our previous study of Horvat Qitmit (Gunneweg and Mommsen 1990) the origin of the Edomite cult vessels (Table 2, Q1, ... Q24) was established by the chemical composition of a Hellenistic kiln waster found at Tel Beer Sheba (see Table 4, columns 1 and 2). The Beer Sheba waster was also chemically related to Iron Age II pottery archaeologically classified as Judahite and found at Beer Sheba and Arad as shown in the same Qitmit paper. Thus, the north-east Negev group, a combined Qitmit and ... Edomite script has been found on ostraca which have been shown to be of Judahite origin (Gunneweg and Mommsen 1990, 13). (2) Judahites imitated locally in the north-east Negev a style of pottery which is also found at sites in Jordan. Stylistically ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-pottery-edomite-negev-midianite-neutron-activation-analysis-j-gunneweg-1991ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: A scriptural proof, with the witness of history ... ... God gave young and old supernatural help so that they NEVER stumbled: Isaiah 63:12-14; Psalm 105:37. The 400 km trip from Goshen (Tel El-Daba) to the Straits of Tiran is a flat 18 km wide packed sand terrain and is absolutely perfect for travel ... into Judah/Simeon territory until after the first attack by Nebuchadnezzar 605 BC. Qudeirat as Kadesh Barnea is impossible because it is 80 km west of the border of Edom in 1446 BC. Learn more about Arad Ostraca . Learn more about the history of Edom. ... Solomon built a series of fortresses near the Egyptian border just east of the Wadi el-Arish in the Negev to protect his Kingdom. B. ANCIENT SOURCES set the border of Egypt at Wadi El-Arish and Arish/Tharu/Rhinocolura. 1. 1457 BC: Tuthmosis III in ... Here the great Deliverer (Cp. my article "The Jerahmeel Theory and the Historic Importance of the Negeb," Hibbert Journal, vi. 2 January, 1908, pp 339ff.) performed the miracle of piercing the rock and sending the wonderful stream through the Sik, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route.htm

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Negev Pottery: "Negev ware" "Negevite ware" Crude, hand made ... site yielded no "Negeb-type pottery" supposedly associated with the no-madic inhabitants of the area." (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) Although Negev pottery is found on a few homesteads, it is primarily found at either fortresses like Qudeirat or industrial areas like Timna. This leads us to conclude that Negev pottery was made by men as a quick type of "disposable" dinnerware. Negev pottery is the disposable dinnerware of the ancient world made by men while away from home either as soldiers or miners. "Another common denominator of the Negev fortresses besides the casemate structure, is Negev ware (Cohen 1986: 385-94). One may dispute its significance and the identity of the makers, but one cannot ignore the fact that Negev ware is a distinctly regional phenomenon, never appearing in the Beersheba Valley sites, whether early (Arad, Esdar, Beersheba, Masos) or late (Arocer, Ira, Uzza, Kitmit). I agree with the attribution of Negev ware to the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-negev-ware-negevite-ware-hand-made-pottery.htm

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The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science ... ... This suggests that the same pottery assemblage continued throughout much of the 10th and 9th centuries. Such a long duration of the same assemblage was also observed at Hazor, Tel Rehov, and other sites, and this, in my view, is the key to the resolution of our debate. Another secondary chronological anchor is related to Arad and the Negev Highlands sites. All agree that at Arad, either Stratum XII or Stratum XI must be identified as the 10th-century settlement mentioned in Shishak's inscription (Aharoni 1981: 182-91). Many of us agree that it should be the Stratum XII ... LOWLAND EDOM AND THE HIGH AND LOW CHRONOLOGIES 131 for the centrality of ancient texts for historical reconstruction-but give precedence to any written text outside of the Hebrew Bible. When researchers grasp on to any historical piece of data uncriti-cally, whether it is the Hebrew Bible or extra-biblical textual data from media such as monumental inscriptions, ostraca (ink on pottery), engraved silver, inscribed ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-bible-and-radiocarbon-dating-archaeology-text-and-science-thomas-e-levy-thomas-higham-2005ad.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol ... ... Earlier stratified Negev pottery may yet be found; and Kadesh Barnea — judging from the quantities of material — may prove to be a center of its manufacture and thus a key to understanding its patterns of use and dissemination in the southern areas of ancient Palestine. Fig. 3. One of four Hebrew ostraca discovered in the fortress at Kadesh Barnea. Ostraca Finds In addition to the pottery, the small finds include at least four ostraca (fig. 3), which are presently being deciphered by Professor Naveh of the Hebrew University. One of these seems to be part of an abecedary, written in an excellent script. Another contains three lines of writing, the contents of which are not yet clear. A third is an ostracon from the latest stratum, very similar to one from the Arad fortress, bearing at least ten lines of hieratic writing. Thus, these recent excavations have shown that, while Kadesh Barnea is topographically located at the western extremity of the Negev Highlands, it does not share the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-judahs-last-outpost-carol-meyers-1976ad.htm

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Master Index of Free Bible Maps of Bible Times and Lands Panorama photo gallery of Israel Alphabetic list of all panorama photographs List of places in Israel Wildernesses, plains, valleys Babylon 700 km E. Negev "dry south country" Northern Arabah: 2 Sam 2:29 Plain of Sharon Shepherd's field Sinai Peninsula was Egyptian Territory from ... Antipatris, Aphek in Sharon (fortress) (Tell Ras el-Ain) Aphek of Aram (fortress) Aphek of Asher (fortress) Aphekah of Judah fortress (Kh. el Hadab) Arad Aram Archelaus (Kh. Awja et-Tahtani) Aroer (tell Ara ir) Arubboth (Khirbet el-Hamam) Arumah (Kh.el-Ormah) Ashdod (Azotus) Ashkelon Ashtaroth (Tel Ashtarah) Ataroth (Khirbet Atarus) Ataroth (Tell el-Mazar) Azekah Bashan, Batanea Beer Karkom Beeroth (et Tahta) Beersheba Beidha ... Qurayyah: Midianite Pottery kiln 1400-1200 BC. Midianite pottery has been found at Al Bad, Timna, Elat and Jezirat Faraun. Raamses (Tanis) Rabbah: Captial of Ammon (Philadelphia) Ramah, Naioth: Samuel's tomb & school) Ramoth-Gilead (Tell Ramith) Raphia Riblah 104 km, 11 degrees N. ... ... https://www.bible.ca/maps/bible-maps-master-index.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate ... ... narrow valley of the Wadi el-Ein, at the crossroads of two of the most important desert routes in antiquity: (1) the Way of Shur, leading from Edom and the Aravah down to Egypt; and (2) the way from Eilat and the Central Negev to Arad and Hebron. ... shekel sign and sometimes without—our preliminary view is that the ostracon probably is an exercise in scribal recording.e Some scholars interpret the presence of hieratic numerals as an indication of either Egyptian control or the presence of mercenary troops. My belief is that the hieratic numerals occur simply because of Egypt's cultural influence in this area. This influence seems to have extended north to Aradf and to Judean sites where ostraca were also found which bear hieratic numerals. ... Perhaps BAR readers will have some suggestions. This cultic area has some similarities to a stone-paved sanctuary excavated by Yohanan Aharoni at the Judean fortress at Arad, which dates to the ninth century B.C. We hope to learn more about this ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-qudeirat-did-i-excavate-kadesh-barnea-rudolph-cohen-bar-1981ad.htm

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Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca: One of Solomon's network ... Kuntillet Ajrud Fortress and Ostraca on Pithos Jar: (Possibly one of Solomon's network of military border fortresses) Click to View Introduction document: Solomon's network of military border fortresses Click to View Click to View Click to View Click ... B. The structure, finds a lack of Negev ware pottery found: More on Negev Pottery. "The Western Structure. The walls of structure A are at points preserved to a height of 1.5 meters. The building itself extends over an area of approximately 15 x 25 ... The plan initially seems to resemble a small fortress, similar in appearance to the Israelite citadel-with-towers found at Kadesh-barnea, Arad, and `Uza. Structure A differs, however, in a number of important respects: it lacks the casemate walls ... Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) Surprisingly, the site yielded no "Negeb-type pottery" supposedly associated with the no-madic inhabitants of the area. (Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1991 AD) Textile Remains. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-fortresses-kuntillet-ajrud.htm

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Archaeology and the Religions of Canaan and Israel, Beth Alpert ... ... Within the context of local dialects, these secular words had come to have special cultic meanings. The cultic meaning which yç had in the Canaanite Late Bronze Age, as demonstrated by ostraca from Lachish, was never replicated in the HB. Alternately, hjnm developed a dual meaning in Hebrew, one in which ... This sanctuary was located outside the city wall, on a path leading from the ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL Tel Haror Tel Haror, a large MB IIC walled city on the north bank of Wadi Gerar in the Negev Desert, contains a well-preserved fortress temple and cultic complex. A mudbrick wall enclosed buildings, a ... A priesthood with deep local roots, one closely allied with Israel's monarchy, officiated over the Dan cult. ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RELIGIONS OF CANAAN AND ISRAEL At Arad, a tripartite-style sanctuary was constructed in the northwestern corner of the Iron II ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-archaeology-and-the-religions-of-Canaan-and-israel-beth-alpert-nakhai.htm

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Kadesh-Barnea by Henry Clay Trumbull, 1884 AD ... Moreover, there even seems to be a trace of the old name in the Pass el-Yemen (the Pass of the Right, or the Pass of the South, or the Pass which is over against Teman), which goes out from Wady Feqreh northward, up the Bald Moun tain, over against ... IS, chap. 6, ? 2) the "Moladah" of the Old Testament (Josh. 15: 20; 19: 2; 1 Chron. 4: 28: Neh. 11: 26.) The site of this place he would identify in the modern el-Milh or Tell Milh; and Wilton (The Negeb pp. 109-114,) sustains him in this ... "Arama (Arad) : A city of the Amorites, lying near to the desert called Kaddes, and there is there even now a village at the fourth milestone from Malatha, but the twentieth from Hebron, in the tribe of Judah." 5 In his Bibdatlas. 122 KADESH-BARNEA. ... " Migdol " a Hebrew one ; 5 that an Egyptian 1 IIist. of Egypt, I., 237 /. 2 The Arabic " Tell " corresponding with the Hebrew, Tel I 7fU means " a mound, 1 "a heap/ especially a heap of ruins. See Deut. 13 : 16. *IIist. of Egypt, II., 382. 4 Diet. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-henry-clay-trumbull-1884ad.htm

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