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Egeria 381 AD and Mt. Sinai Introduction: in 325 AD, Queen Helena (Constantines mother) chose Mt. Musa in the Sinai Peninsula from a vision she saw in a dream. Egeria, an unknown woman who took a four year "Holy land tour" including the exodus route in 381-384 AD. Egeria went to the Sinai Peninsula and Mt. Musa where it has been placed on every map since. Egeria seemed to follow the Septuagint in Gen. 46:34 in her diary, by saying Goshen was in Arabia: "I desired therefore that we should go from Clysma to the land of Goshen, that is, to the city called Arabia, which city is in the land of Goshen. The whole territory is called after the city, the land of Arabia, the land of Goshen, although it is part of Egypt. It is much better land than all the rest of Egypt." (The Pilgrimage Of Etheria, McClure and Feltoe, 1919 AD, p 13) For a more detailed discussion on the Septuagint Click here. A. The Sarcens: The Saracens were Arabs who lived in Saudi Arabia and not in the modern Sinai Peninsula. Notice Egeria, who lived 50 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-ancient-geographers-maps-sinai-egypt-midian-arabia-kadesh-barnea-shur-egeria-381ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: Wilderness of Egypt: the Sinai Peninsula "I entered into judgment with your fathers in the wilderness of the land of Egypt" Ezekiel 20:36 (Ezekiel 20:36; Judges 11:16; Exodus 13:18) Exodus Route home page Click to View Overview map (Click on photo for high resolution) Click to View Satellite map (Click on photo for high resolution) Introduction: 1. The Wilderness of Egypt is the Sinai Peninsula a. This wilderness of Egypt is between Goshen and where they crossed the Red Sea. 2. Josephus said the Sinai Peninsula was Egyptian territory: a. "The lot of Simeon (inside Judah), which was the second, included that part of Idumea [Edom] which bordered upon Egypt and Arabia." (Josephus, Antiquities 5.82) 3. This wilderness of Egypt proves that Israel did not cross the Red Sea at the Bitter Lakes or the Port of Suez. a. There is no wilderness area between Goshen and the Bitter Lakes or the Port of Suez because these were heavily travelled areas. b. The major caravan route started at Goshen (Tel e;-Dab'a) and passed directly by the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-wilderness-of-egypt.htm

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300 BC: The Death of Hebrew Language, rise of The Septuagint ... The extinction of the Hebrew language in 300 BC of the world population of Jews created a spiritual vacuum and the need for a Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures. The Septuagint filled this spiritual void for the tiny group of hungry remnant of Jews who began reading the Torah in Alexandria Egypt in their homes in small groups and the synagogue was born. Everywhere the Greek Septuagint was distributed throughout the world as synagogue was born. At the time of Jesus the Messiah/branch, son of David, Hebrew had already been a dead language for 300 years. The tiny remnant who spoke Hebrew were the Jerusalem Temple elites that included the High priest and his associates (Sadducees) but all these were wiped out in 70 AD. A small remnant of Hebrew speaking Jews lived at Zippori and Tiberias who became known to us as the Masoretes, but these went extinct in 1000 AD. After 1000 AD nobody on earth spoke Hebrew until it was restored in 1915 AD in Tel Aviv. From Abraham to the present time, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Extinction-Hebrew-first-century-mass-rapid-language-conversions-failed-restoration-attempts-Yiddish.htm

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Arguments against Al-Lawz as Mt. Sinai, refuted! The fact that no other reference is given means that the only logical conclusion is that it was the rear wilderness of Midian. The Bible says that Moses went to the "behind side [Hebrew: "achar"] of the wilderness" Literally: achar "the hind or following part" (NASB Hebrew dictionary). So the east side of the Lawz would most certainly be described at the "behind wilderness". It is kind of like saying that Moses went to "the back forty". This is sufficient to understand why this was ... The Queen of Sheba contrasted Ethiopia in Africa to Israel: "It was a true report which I heard in my own land about your words and your wisdom. " 1 Kings 10:6. See also 2 Ki 19:7 where Sennacherib contrasts "his own land" of Assyria to Israel. Today we would say: "He left the land of USA and lived in the land of Canada". Quite often in the Bible the expression "land of" denotes local towns within the same country: The "land of Goshen" and "land of Egypt" are both within the Country of Egypt and under ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-mt-sinai-jebel-al-lawz-midian-jethros-own-land.htm

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The Exodus Route: Migdol "Egyptian Military Watchtower" Migdol "Watchtower" Click to View Exodus Route home page Click to View Overview map (Click on photo for high resolution) Click to View Satellite map (Click on photo for high resolution) Click to View Goshen Succoth Migdol Etham Pi Hahiroth Baal Zephon Straits of Tiran Migdol "Watchtower" Introduction: 1. The word "Migdol" in Hebrew means "watchtower". a. It refers to one of many Egyptian military lookout posts scattered across Egypt. b. The existence of the Egyptian migdol's are confirmed by archeology. 2. We have no archaeological evidence for any migdol at the Straits of Tiran, but this is a very likely ... Numbers 33:7: They journeyed from Etham and turned back to Pi-hahiroth, which faces Baal-zephon, and they camped before Migdol. 3. Other migdols: a. Jeremiah 44:1 : The word that came to Jeremiah for all the Jews living in the land of Egypt, those who were living in Migdol, Tahpanhes, Memphis, and the land of Pathros Jeremiah 44:1 b. Jeremiah 46:14: "Declare in Egypt and proclaim ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-migdol.htm

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Mt. Karkom, Israel Recently, Emmanuel Anati proposed Mt. Karkom as the location of mount Sinai. We feel the most compelling reason for rejecting Har Karkom as Biblical Mt. Sinai, is its location at least 35 km inside the Biblical boundaries of the promised land. Gen 15:18 and many other verses, says that the wadi Al-Arish (River of Egypt) is the southern boundary of Israel. For this reason alone we must reject Har Karkom as the location of Mt. Sinai. Emmanuel Anati's proposals must be rejected because it contradicts the Bible. Israel's "40 years in the ... On a hill top, one km east of Mt. Hor at Petra, there is an ancient altar that is oriented due east and is also directly facing both the tomb of Aaron and Mt. Karkom. Mt. Karkom is 65 km due east of this altar. Archeology has uncovered ancient traces of Hebrew presence and use. We are not sure what the connection is between Mt. Hor and Mt. Karkom, but more research is needed. This altar may be connected directly with the tomb of Aaron. Click to View Below ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-mt-sinai-mt-har-karkom.htm

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Origin of Ancient synagogues: Architectural prototype of the ... The very first Synagogue on earth was the "Great Basilica Synagogue of Alexandria (Egypt: 280 BC - 117 AD) referenced by Philo in 38 AD, which the Jerusalem Talmud in 400 AD says Hadrian destroyed in 117 AD. Synagogues originated in 280 BC at Alexandria, Egypt as a direct result of Ptolemy II translating the Hebrew Torah in the Greek Septuagint. In fact, by Philo 38 AD, Explicitly dated the origin of Synagogues to 262 BC in Egypt. By the time of Jesus, there were thousands of synagogues in the world and more than 400 in Jerusalem ... False View #5: Archeological excavated synagogues buildings before 70 AD were not used for worship: "The evidence of structures dating from the first century BCE to the first century. CE at remote sites in the Land of Israel and in the Diaspora, taken together with the terms proseuche, synagogue and beth knesset, indicates that the communal structures we call synagogues served as multipurpose places of assembly (see also Levine 2003a, b). Certainly it is ... ... https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/welcome.htm

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Aramaic: Native language of Jesus Aramaic Hebrew Greek, Aramaic Syriac Aramaic Hebrew (Masoretic) Romans Greek Latin Septuagint 1. After the Babylonian Captivity of 605-536BC, the Jews used the Hebrew language less and less until the time of Alexander the Great when almost none of the Jews spoke Hebrew anymore. 2. Outside of Judea the Jews spoke Greek in their synagogues and used the Septuagint exclusively from 280 BC, hundreds of years before the time of Christ. Here is a Greek synagogue building dedication inscription from Schedia Egypt dating to 240 BC: See also: Detailed outline on the Schedia inscription 3. By 200 BC, Hebrew became a specialized language of the "Jerusalem elite" unknown by the common masses. 4. By the time of Christ, Hebrew was a foreign language in the land of Israel except in the Temple. a. The only place Hebrew continued to be spoken was by the temple priests in Jerusalem. b. Nobody spoke Hebrew in Judea except for the "Vatican Temple Elites" in Jerusalem. Just as Latin is the official language ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-default-working-language-Jesus-first-century-Aramaic-Greek-Hebrew-Latin.htm

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Kingdom of David: Fulfills Abraham's land Promise 1003-1001 BC ... ... In 1003 BC Abner and Ish-bosheth are killed, David then captures Jerusalem and begins his reign at age 37. He reigns in Jerusalem for 33 years. j. Between 1003 and 1001 BC, David defeats the nations and fulfills the land promise to Abraham, possessing all the land from the River of Egypt (Wadi el-Arish) and the Euphrates. k. In 1001 BC, David commits adultery with Bathsheba and kills her husband Uriah, the Hittite, who was on David's list of "30 mighty warriors". l. In 999 BC, Solomon is born. I. The land ... Ex 6:2-8 - v4 I also established My covenant with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land in which they sojourned v8 I will bring you to the land which I swore to give to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and I will give it to you for a possession - Exod 12:25 when you enter the land which the LORD will give you, as He has promised, that you shall observe this rite Exod 13:5 when the LORD brings you to the land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Hivite and the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-maps-timeline-chronology-2samuel8-1chronicles18-david-fulfills-abrahams-land-promise-997-995bc.htm

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The Exodus Route: Wilderness of Sinai Discussion: 1. The Wilderness of Sinai was the last stop of the Exodus where Israel camped for 11 months and 5 days: a. Israel arrived at the final camp in front of Mt. Sinai in the Wilderness of Sinai on day 47 from Goshen: Ex 19:1 b. Scripture never says Israel camped in the Wilderness of Sinai then journeyed to the foot of Mt. Sinai. c. Instead scripture equates the wilderness of Sinai as being equal to the final camp in front of Mt. Sinai. d. "In the third month after the sons of Israel had gone out of the land of Egypt, on that very day they came into the wilderness of Sinai. When they set out from Rephidim, they came to the ... Even at the foot of the mountain they were still some distance from the edge of the mountain: "So the people stood at a distance, while Moses approached the thick cloud where God was." Exodus 20:21 d. All this leads us believe that the Hebrew camp in the wilderness of Sinai was likely 10 km due east from the foot of the mountain. 4. Bible texts: a. "In the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-wilderness-of-sinai.htm

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Amalek and the Amalekites Ishmael settled from Havilah to Shur which is east of Egypt as one goes toward Assyria 1 Samuel 15:7 Amalekites from Havilah as you go to Shur which is east of Egypt 1 Samuel 27:8 Amalekites from ancient times as you come to Shur even as far as the land of Egypt B. The territory of the Amalekites: The Amalekites had their ... Saul defeated the Amalekites whose "city" where they lived, was in a region "from Havilah as you go to Shur" which is entirely "transjordan" between Midian and Babylon: 1 Samuel 15:7 The border between Israel and Egypt at the time of David was the Wadi el-Arish. Egypt controlled the entire modern Sinai Peninsula. We know that 1 Sam 15:6-7 and ... Sinai is in the same territory as the Amalekites: the modern Sinai Peninsula. In a "comedy of errors" they wrongly assume the Amalekites lived beside the land of Goshen, because they wrongly place the Shur on the east side of the Bitter lakes, instead of in the land of Midian. They correctly insist the Amalekites lived near ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-amalekites.htm

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282 BC: Birth of the Greek Septuagint LXX Historical accounts of the translation process in Alexandria under Ptolemy II The Greek Septuagint LXX "Scripture cannot be broken" (Jesus, John 10:35) Steve Rudd 2017 Abstract: The Septuagint is a Greek translation of the entire Hebrew Old Testament by pre-Christian ... excavations of Jewish tombs located in the east necropolis of Ibrahimiya which dated to the time of Ptolemy II and earlier. "The number of those whom he [Ptolemy I] transported from the country of the Jews to Egypt amounted to no less than a hundred thousand." (Psudo-Aristeas 12, 150 BC) It was Ptolemy II's librarian, Demetrius Phalereus who made the initial request to acquire a Greek copy of the Hebrew scriptures and oversaw the entire process. ... the exodus of the Hebrews our fellow countrymen from Egypt, and the fame of all that had happened to them, and the conquest of the land, and the exposition of the whole Law; so that it is manifest that many things have been borrowed by the aforesaid philosopher, for ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-birth-historical-accounts-origin-antiochus-II-Letter-of-Aristeas-Aristobulus-Philo-Josephus-Justin-Martyr-Irenaeus-Eusebius-Irenaeus-Augustine-282BC.htm

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The Number of the Exodus Jews. The population of the Exodus Hebrews We find no reason to question this number for any reason. e. Israel was "as the sand on the seashore" when they left Egypt and went to occupy the promised land. f. 9 million live in modern Israel today. 3 million in 1446 BC is a very believable number. 2. AD 50: Apion was an ancient Egyptian who hated the Jews ... left Goshen. "As for the number of those that were expelled out of Egypt, he hath contrived to have the very same number with Lysimaehus, and says they were a hundred and ten thousand." (Josephus, Against Apion 2) d. See our page on Apion for detailed discussion. 3. Numerous ancient literary sources say Egypt's population at the time of the Exodus was 7.5 million. (see below) 4. Three texts refute the novel idea that "eleph" means clan: a. Firstborn ransom: Five-shekel head tax for firstborn proves "eleph" must mean 1000 in Numbers 3:39-51 b. Head tax: 100 talents + 1,775 shekels = 603,550 bekas proves "eleph" must mean 1000 in Exodus 38:24-29 c. New Testament: The Hebrew ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-population-of-jews-hebrews.htm

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bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-johann-heinrich-kurtz-history ... ... They went from Arar (Araran, Aroer) towards the south-west, and ascended from the table-land of Arar, the first mountain rampart, by which it is bounded on the south. They now found themselves upon a still higher plateau, which stretches from east to west, and is called the Wady Rakmah. It answers to the district of the Dhullam ... these coordinates and location are totally wrong, these coordinates place them in Goshen, Egypt.) A gigantic mountain towered above them in savage grandeur, with masses of linked rock, resembling the bastions of some Cyclopean architecture, the end of which it was impossible for the eye to reach towards either the west or the east. ... may be easily explained, when, first of all, with the usual caprice of the critics when dealing with Biblical accounts, everything has been turned upside down, and every argument of any worth has been swept away (car tel est mon bon plaisir). The fact that the Israelites encamped twice at Kadesh, has been proved by K. v. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-johann-heinrich-kurtz-history-of-the-old-covenant-1872ad.htm

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The Exodus Route: Wilderness of Sin: Manna, Quails, Sabbath Moses retained his Egyptian name from the 18th Dynasty pharaohs, including the pharaoh of the exodus: "ThutMOSES III". d. Daniel was renamed e. Nebucahnezzar renamed Hebrew exiles with the names of the pagan gods Bel (Marduk) and Nebo: i. Belteshazzar (Daniel): "Bel (Marduk) guard his life" ii. Shadrach (Hananiah): "Marduk" ... This is also where God sent Quails and Manna for them to eat: Exodus 16:10 7. Bible texts: a. "Then they set out from Elim, and all the congregation of the sons of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departure from the land of Egypt." Exodus 16:1 b. ... Sinai in line of sight. 3. In Ex 16:1, the entire congregation arrived as a single group at the Wilderness of Sin on the same day. a. This was day 31 from Goshen: Saturday, 15th day of the 2nd month, Iyar 15. b. The reason this is critical, is because it was on Lyar 15 (a Saturday) that Moses first revealed the 7-day Sabbath/... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-wilderness-of-sin.htm

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Ein El Weibeh: K. Von Raumer's choice for Kadesh Barnea in 1831 ... ... Kadesh Barnea cannot be located Ein Hasb or Ein El Weibeh or Ein el Qudeirat for the same reason: Kadesh was not located with in the promised land. Click to View In 1856, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley rejected Weibeh and stated that Petra was the location of Kadesh. Speaking of Mt. Hor beside Petra Stanley said: "It is one of the very few spots connected with the wanderings of the Israelites, which admits of no reasonable doubt." While he knew nothing of Nabatean history at Petra, his observations are correct. Today we know that the Nabateans arrived in Petra about 350 BC they found a vacant city of Hebrew tombs from the Exodus 1200 years earlier. Remember 2.5 million Jews died here. The Nabateans greatly enhanced the location with the elaborate carvings we see today. Being longstanding enemies of the Hebrews, they removed all traces of the Hebrew past, just like Pharaoh did in Egypt after Israel left Goshen. "If there be any ground for this conclusion, Petra assumes a new interest. Its ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ein-el-weibeh.htm

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Coins of the Seleucid Empire: 321-64 BC Lysimachus (323-133 BC) Area of modern Asia Minor. King Attalus III bequeathed Asia Minor to Rome in 133 BC I. List of Seleucid Empire kings and rulers: 321-64 BC Seleucus I Nicator 321-281 BC flees to Egypt 316 BC returns to Babylon 312 BC becomes king of Babylon 305 BC becomes king of Syria, Asia 301 BC after winning battle of Ipsus Founds Antioch 300 BC Antiochus I Soter 281-261 BC Antiochus II Theos 261-246 BC Commissions the Septuagint version that translated the Hebrew Old Testament into Greek. Seleucus II Callinicus 246-226 BC Seleucus III Soter 226-223 BC Antiochus III The Great 223-187 BC Seleucus IV Philopator 187-175 ... So he came and tried to take the city and plunder it, but he could not because his plan had become known to the citizens and they withstood him in battle. So he fled and in great disappointment left there to return to Babylon. Then someone came to him in Persia and reported that the armies that had gone into the land of Judah had been routed; that Lysias had ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/coins/Jesus-coins-of-the-bible-Seleucid-empire-321-64BC.htm

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Textual Variants Daniel's 70 weeks, Susanna, Prayer of Hananiah ... The Babylonian captivity of 70 years was computed because Israel had not kept the land sabbath since the destruction of Shiloh in 1094 BC down to the beginning of the captivity in 605 BC (490 years). The 70 years of continuous land Sabbaths compute to 490 years where every seventh year was a land sabbath never ... However, it is not that way. Surprisingly, the first story is in Hebrew but the rest are in Aramaic. Likewise, the first of Daniel's visions is in Aramaic but the rest are in Hebrew." (UBCS, Daniel, W. B. Nelson, p 20, 2013) 2. "The Septuagint (LXX) inserted a lengthy apocryphal passage after Daniel 3:23, known as the Song of the Three Young Men. The apocryphal Susanna ... where the scrolls enable us to correct the MT" (Hermeneia, Daniel, J. J. Collins, p3, 1993 AD) 4. "None of the lxx additions to Daniel are represented in the Qumran texts, and since they were not in the Hebrew/Aramaic mss either it has been assumed that they originated outside Palestine, possibly in Egypt. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Daniel-Bible-Textual-Variants-Old-Testament-Tanakh-70-weeks-Daniel9.24-Messiah-490-years-458BC-33AD-resurrection-Codex-Vaticanus-Susanna-Prayer-Hananiah-Bel-dragon.htm

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Water from a Rock: Mt. Sinai (Lawz) and Kadesh (Petra) Wadi Musa ... ... Perhaps a combination of both. At Petra the wadi that flows through the Siq is called, "the wadi of Moses." This is an ancient tradition. There are at least 7 springs at Petra, but they could not support any sizable population. But to reject Petra for Ein el-Qudeirat on the basis that Qudeirat had a large natural water supply and Kadesh none, is as ridiculous as it is faithless. The water at Ein el-Qudeirat is estimated to support ... These wadis, would have been dormant for 3400 years so they are likely very hard to find, being buried or filled in sand. Unfortunately the opportunity to do archeological research at Mt. Al-Lawz is non-existent, since the Muslims of Saudi Arabia have a vested interest in not verifying the Jewish exodus from Egypt into the promised land. B. The Waters of Meribah at Kadesh: We know from Genesis 14:7 that Kadesh is called "En-mishpat". The Hebrew for "En-mishpat" means "spring of judgement". This spring was known to Abraham. But in Moses' time, Kadesh is ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-moses-struck-rock-waterless.htm

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Philo of Alexandria 50 AD (Jewish philosopher) ... This would rule out the Bitter Lakes and the Suez as crossing points, since the Suez was a major shipping port for Egypt and only 120 km from Goshen with major roads leading to it. Since Darius had built a shipping Canal from the Mediterranean to the Suez, which was fed by the Nile near Goshen, there would be no guess work as to how to get to the Suez. They wouldn't need to guess the route since ... Sinai; he says that Moses "went up the highest and most sacred of the mountains in its region." (Mt. Sinai in Arabia?, Allen Kerkeslager, Bible Review, BR 16:02, Apr 2000) "Why did he say, "On that day, God made a covenant with Abraham, saying, To thy seed will I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river Euphrates?" (Genesis 15:19). The literal expression describes the boundaries of the space which lies in the middle, between the two rivers Egyptus [wadi el-Arish] and Euphrates, for anciently the river was also called by the same name as the district, Egypt, as the poet also ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-ancient-geographers-maps-sinai-egypt-midian-arabia-kadesh-barnea-shur-philo-of-alexandria-50ad.htm

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1001 BC: Papyrus Moscow 127: Wermai's Odyssey & Tragic Tale of ... the importance of the Hebrew Scriptures by suggesting that a pagan king had recognized their significance and therefore arranged for their translation into Greek." (The Bible in Translation, Bruce Metzger, p 15, 2001 AD) Although Letter of Aristeas to Philocrates is pseudepigraphal, this does not diminish its historic importance when taken in correct context. The Letter of Aristeas documents Ezekiel 17:15 where king Zedekiah sends troops in 593 BC to Psammetichus II (Psamtik II), king of Egypt 595-589 BC. The Letter of Aristeas contains the earliest reference to the Septuagint (LXX) The Letter of Aristeas documents the conditions and circumstances of the making of the Septuagint and the Library of Alexandria. ... The letter was actually written about 130 b.c.e., not by an Egyptian pagan, but by a Hellenistic Jew of Alexandria who may well have visited Palestine. Passionately committed to Judaism, the author seeks to glorify all aspects of his heritage. He describes the Holy Land in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Zedekiah-letter-of-Aristeas-to-Philocrates-Pseudepigrapha-Psammetichus-Septuagint-LXX-Psamtik-II-Expedition-Nubia-Egypt-troops-Ezek17-15-593BC.htm

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609 BC: Arad Ostraca #88: Jehoiakim is appointed king of Judah ... ... The ostracon was discovered by Israel Sommer in 1974 when we walked the entire site and randomly picked up surface pottery and putting all the pieces into a single bag without marking where each piece was found on tel Arad. Later that day at Engedi, Israel Sommer washed his pottery and only then discovered the ... II. Translation of Arad ostracon #88: Obverse lines 1-3 "I became king1 in a[ll2 the land3] Be strong4 and... the King of Egypt5 to..." (Steve Rudd adapted from Aharoni) For red footnotes see below. Brackets [...] indicate missing, damaged or unreadable text. Steve Rudd's red footnotes from his adapted translation above or "I have come to reign" Jehoiakim ... King of Egypt to..." (Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 88, p 103, 1981 AD) 1. The excavation reports for Arad Ostracon #88 are: a. Arad was excavated 1962-1967 AD. b. Arad Inscriptions, Yohanan Aharoni, Arad inscription 40, p 70, 1981 AD (The Hebrew version was published years earlier, but the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/ostraca/bible-ostraca-ostracon-Arad88-letters-Jehoiakim-Judah-appointed-king-by-Pharoah-Neco-II-Egypt-2Kings23-34-I-became-king-in-all-the-land-be-strong-609bc.htm

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Book of Jeremiah: Bible textual variants analysed ... been found in Hebrew form among the scrolls, which also attest to the longer form. The shorter form may represent an earlier recension of Jeremiah" (Tov 1981b). III. Dead Sea Scroll 4Q71 validates the Septuagint: 1. Here is the full Bible text of: Jeremiah 9:22-10:21 from the Septuagint witnessed in DSS 4Q71: 9:22 And ⌊the human dead⌋ will be an example upon the face of the plain of your land, like stubble behind a reaper. And there will be no one to gather it. 9:23 This is what the Lord says: "Let the wise not boast in his wisdom, and let the strong not boast in his strength, and let the wealthy not boast in his riches. 9:24 ⌊Rather⌋ let the one who boasts boast in this: that he understands and knows that I am the Lord, the one who deals in mercy and judgment and righteousness upon the earth. For my will is in this," says the Lord. 9:25 "Look! The day is coming," says the Lord, "and I will visit upon all the circumcised their foreskins, 9:26 upon Egypt and upon Idumea and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Book-of-Jeremiah-Bible-Manuscript-Textual-Variants-Old-Testament-Tanakh-Septuagint-LXX-Masoretic-Text-MT-scribal-gloss-copying-error.htm

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The "eternal weekly Sabbath" and "eternal animal sacrifices" ... A. According to Sabbatarian logic, if we must keep the weekly Sabbath, we should still have animal sacrifices and all these Jewish things that are abolished! If the Sabbath day endures forever because of the words, "forever" "eternal" "everlasting" "Permanent" (all translated from Hebrew "olam" then so too are all the other ... generations, that you may know that I am the Lord who sanctifies you. Feast of Unleavened Bread: Exodus 12:17 'So you shall observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread, for on this same day I will have brought your armies out of the land of Egypt. Therefore you shall observe this day throughout your generations as an everlasting ordinance. ... Circumcision Gen 17:10-14 Gal 5:1-4; Rom 2:28-29 Old Covenant Judg 2:1 ; Isa 24:5 Jer 31:31-34 = Heb 8:7-12; Heb 8:13 Jewish Passover Day Of Atonement Feast Of Tabernacles Exod 12:14,24 Lev 16:30-31 Lev 23:41-42 Gal 4:9-10 (Col 2:16) Tabernacle Candles Tabernacle Showbread Lev 24:2-4 Lev 24:5-9 Heb 8:13-9:4 Levitical Priesthood ... ... https://www.bible.ca/7-perpetual.htm

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Abram, Lot and the location of Sodom 15 (possible) Antitypes ... later known as Ai of Joshua. 4. He moves to Egypt because of famine. 5. Pharaoh takes Sarai as his wife and is stricken by God. Pharaoh expels Abram. 6. He returns to Ai and separates from lot. 7. Lot chose the eastern Jordan valley, settles in the cities of the valley and moved his tents as far as Sodom. 8. Abram moves to Hebron B. Location of Sodom: El-Hamman, Edh-Dhra or under salt sea? 1. Does Gen 13:11 read that Lot moved directly to Sodom (tel el Hamman) or that he moved east, then later ... and Madaba map place Zoar at the south east end. 6. While Moses was standing on Nebo beside Shittim, viewed the promised land from Jericho to Zoar. 7. Abram viewed the smoke from Hebron. 8. Sodom was associated with the south east border of Canaan ... Gen 14:3,8,10. The 4 Mesopotamian kings conquered the 5 Jordanian kings, took Lot into exile: Gen 14:12. The kings of Sodom and Gomorrah were killed. Later Joshua would conquer 5 Palestinian kings in Josh 10:1-5. The first time the word "Hebrew" is ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/d-15-antitypes-gen14-15-abram-melchizedek-lot.htm

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The historical territory of the Amorites in the Bible Then asked permission for the Amorites to pass by their land so they could cross the Jordan. Judges 11:14-26 The Amorites controlled all the way from the Arnon River north to Mt. Hermon, the highest snow peaked mountain east of tel Dan: Deut 3:8 Exodus period Nations in Canaan Click to View Click to View Click to ... This is how the three nations looked at the time of the exodus when Israel spent 38 years at Kadesh near Petra. Israel asked permission of Edom and Moab to cross their territory to go north and cross the Jordan river into the promised land and was refused: "For when they came up from Egypt, and Israel went through the wilderness to the Red Sea and came to Kadesh, ... Moab's territory was also on the south side of the Zered River because Israel adjacent to Moabite land before they headed north and camped in the Zered. "They journeyed from Oboth and camped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is opposite Moab, to the east. From there they set out and camped in Wadi Zered." ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-amorites.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Literary Sources: Tosefta 250 AD The Alexandria Synagogue of 40 AD Destroyed by Hadrian in 117 AD Ancient Synagogue Literary Sources Early collection of Jewish law and lore Companion to the Mishnah Tosephta, Tosepta 250 AD "Out of Egypt did I call my Son" Moses, Jesus, the church via Synagogues that began in Egypt in 280 BC The photo above of the ancient ... The Tosefta, an early collection of Jewish law and lore, is a companion volume to the MISHNAH. It was produced by the Sages at the beginning of the 3rd cent. ce, in Hebrew, in the land of Israel. The Tosefta is arranged just like the Mishnah: it is subdivided into orders, tractates, chapters, and individual paragraphs called halakhot ... Philo said in 38 AD, not a single ruler in a succession of 10 or more back in time, even 300 years has ever set up a statue of himself in a synagogue. e. 38 AD - 300 years = 262 BC. 4. Synagogues began in 280 BC in Alexandria: a. We know from inscriptions and the translating of the Septuagint in 282 BC, that synagogues began ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ancient-Synagogue-Archeological-Literary-Sources-Bible-Jesus-Israel-Judea-diaspora-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Tosephta-Tosepta-Tosefta-Sukkah-250ad.htm

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Origin of Synagogues: 10 Reasons why Synagogues began in Alexandria ... As more copies of the Septuagint were produced combined with the large numbers who wanted to participate in the devotional sabbath prayers and readings, there was an explosion of "house synagogues". Copies of the Septuagint were quickly sent to all the major diaspora populations of Jews throughout the ... The Hebrew temple at Elephantine was a one of a kind location on the southern border of Egypt with Nubia on the island of Elephantine at the third cataract of the Nile. While interesting, it really has little to do with the origin of synagogues. d. "However, the existence of synagogues in the Egypt of the third cen-tury BCE is firmly attested in the archaeological and epigraphic record, ... Ezra the scribe stood at a wooden podium which they had made for the purpose." (Nehemiah 8:1-4) c. Archeology proves that city gates were centres for pagan worship at Tel Dan and the bull's head stele at Bethsaida. d. "And Israelites who belong to that watch gather together in their towns [ie. In the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Origin-of-ancient-Synagogues-first-century-originated-at-Alexandria-Egypt-began-spawned-by-Greek-Septuagint-translation-Tanakh-Babylonian-captivity-Nehemiah-280BC.htm

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Timna ... Also, the fortress at Elat/Kheleifeh would better serve to protect Timna. Click to View The entire modern Sinai Peninsula right over to the Wadi el-Arish down to and including Timna was under Egyptian control at the time of the Exodus: "Although there is sufficient evidence in Egyptian sources for ... The identical Midianite pottery has been found at Timna, Jezirat Faraun, Al-Bad (near the Straits of Tiran) and Qurayyah north east of Mt. Al-Lawz, where they found the factory where the Midianite pottery was made and exported. The Kenites migrated with Moses to the promised land and settled in the Negev. They are the link between Israel and Midianite pottery. Although Egypt had two major mines ... from Midian and provides the first certain absolute dates for the ancient town sites of Midian, where this pottery is to be found." (Timna, Beno Rothenberg, 1969 AD) In 1991, J. Gunneweg worked with the The Hebrew University and the University of Bonn to do a Neutron Activation Analysis of pottery. ... ... https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-timna.htm

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The Exodus Route: Wilderness of Shur Sinai is in Arabia, where Ishmael lived and Ishmael lived in Shur. b. The Wilderness of Shur, is the most important location for determining the exodus route. c. It is one of only four known places in the list of 50 exodus stops: Goshen/Ramses, Wilderness of Shur, Ezion Geber, Mt. Nebo. d. The Wilderness of Shur is where Ishmael ... Sinai is in Arabia, where Ishmael lived. "Ishmael will be a wild donkey of a man, His hand will be against everyone, And everyone's hand will be against him; And he will live to the east of all his brothers."Genesis 16:12 "Ishmael lived in the Wilderness of Paran, and his mother took a wife for him from the land of Egypt." Genesis 21:21 ... This proves that Ishmael lived in Midian because they had intermarried. Find Ishmael and you find Midian and Sinai. The modern Sinai peninsula has always been Egyptian Territory. The border of Egypt and Israel is the Wadi El Arish. (Gen 15:18; 1 Ki 8:65; 2 Ki 24:7; 2 Chr 7:8; Isa 27:12; 2 Chr 9:26; 1 King 4:21). At the time of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-wilderness-of-shur-ishmaelites-midianites-amalekites.htm

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Pseudo-Philo: 60 AD Creation in 5886 BC, Septuagint Chronology Augustine of Hippo 400 AD Genesis 5,11 Chronology: Septuagint vs. Masoretic Augustine the Jellyfish, accepts the two different sets of numbers as inspired. "For from Adam to the deluge there are reckoned, according to our copies of Scripture [Septuagint], 2262 years, and according to the Hebrew text, 1656 years." (Constantine, Aug., De civ. Dei 15.20.2) Introduction: 1. Augustine was a theological Jellyfish with poor logical skills who felt ... While it was almost universally (wrongly) believed that Terah was only 70 years old, the Holy Spirit corrected this error. d. HOLY SPIRIT: "Then he left the land of the Chaldeans and settled in Haran. From there, after his father died, God had him move to this country in which ... were also themselves Jews, shut up in one place (for Ptolemy king of Egypt had got them together for this work), should have envied foreign nations that same truth, and by common consent inserted these errors: who does not see which can be more naturally and readily believed? ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Augustine-of-Hippo-Chronology-Genesis5-Textual-variants-Bible-manuscripts-Old-Testament-Torah-Tanakh-Septuagint-Hebrew-400AD.htm

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The Great Basilica Synagogue of Alexandria Destroyed by Hadrian ... ... We know from inscriptions and the translating of the Septuagint in 282 BC, that synagogues began in Alexandria as a direct cause and effect outcome of the Septuagint. b. For the first time, the Greek only speaking Alexandrian Jews had the Torah in a "Jerusalem certified" translation of the Hebrew Bible. c. Synagogues followed the distribution of the Septuagint throughout the diaspora Jewish community. d. The earliest inscriptions are in Egypt. e. The most number of inscriptions of any city is Alexandria. Hadra 200 BC Gabbary 37 BC Alexandria 3 AD f. The THREE OLDEST ... The reason is because they all sat in a circle making orientation irrelevant to reading and praying. The first Jerusalem oriented synagogues did not first appear until about 150 AD. b. "Those who stand and pray outside the Land of Israel, turn to face the Land of Israel [to pray]. And what is the basis [in Scripture for this rule]? [8c] 'And pray to thee toward their land which thou gavest their fathers' [1 Kings 8:48]. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Alexandria-Great-Basilica-Colonnaded-Egypt-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-top-plan-double-columns-71-gold-chairs-Philo-Talmud-280bc

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The Exodus Route: Succoth Click to View Satellite map (Click on photo for high resolution) Click to View Goshen Succoth Migdol Etham Pi Hahiroth Baal Zephon Straits of Tiran Introduction: 1. Located 120 km south of the Port of Suez, 160 km north of Red sea crossing (Straits of Tiran) 2. We have no idea exactly where Succoth is located, however we can get a clue based upon the name and the proximity of the Egyptian mines. 3. The stop at Succoth was not to rest, it was to collect the Hebrew workers at the Egyptian ... See also: Miracles of the Exodus and Red Sea Crossing 3. They likely stopped for brief food breaks to eat their unleavened bread. a. "The Egyptians urged the people, to send them out of the land in haste, for they said, "We will all be dead." So the ... The Hebrews would feel protected from the Egyptians when they stopped here because the difficult terrain to the north would slow down the army. This is why they called it Succoth: "block the army, stop the approach of the army, shut off from Egypt" ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-succoth.htm

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Miracles of the Exodus and the Red Sea crossing ... The obvious explanation is that it is difficult to find pottery sherds from a widely dispersed tribal population occupying 25 square kilometers of land. Archaeologists focus on excavating "tells" where the populations are concentrated. If you did find a sherd of Hebrew Late Bronze pottery in the middle of a large open area, it is difficult to connect it with the exodus without some epigraphical evidence. c. The lack of pottery evidence ... C. They took their flocks, being expert herdsman who Pharaoh wanted tend his own herds: "Then Pharaoh said to his brothers, "What is your occupation?" So they said to Pharaoh, "Your servants are shepherds, both we and our fathers. ... The land of Egypt is at your disposal; settle your father and your brothers in the best of the land, let them live in the land of Goshen; and if you know any capable men among them, then put them in charge of my [Pharoah] livestock." Genesis 47:3,6 ""Therefore, our livestock too shall go with us; not a hoof shall be left ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-red-sea-miracles.htm

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The Exodus Route: Pi-Hahiroth Click to View Overview map (Click on photo for high resolution) Click to View Satellite map (Click on photo for high resolution) Click to View Goshen Succoth Migdol Etham Pi Hahiroth Baal Zephon Straits of Tiran Introduction: 1. Two Bible verse: Ex 14:2 Num 33:7 2. The Hebrew word "Pi-Hahiroth" is a metaphoric term that means any or all of the following: a. "mouth of water" b. "mouth of the canal" c. "entrance to the water" d. "entrance to the canal" 3. The "entrance to the canal" refers to the large, central, tri-intersection of ocean between the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Arabia. a. This could refer to an area of shoreline on either Egypt proper, the modern ... Israel was once a natural oasis of plush greenery. That is why it was called the land of Milk (grasslands) and honey (flowers). e. The double coincidence is this: Although this "mouth-like" bay faces Baal-Zephon it is not itself Pi-Hahiroth, however it is in fact, the southern marker for the shoreline towards ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-pi-hahiroth.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Nitriani, Egypt 139 BC Synagogue Inscriptions from the Oldest Synagogues in the world Nitriani Egypt 139 BC (Modern Wadi El Natrun, Egypt) A. Synagogue Inscription: 1. Inscription text: "On behalf of King Ptolemy and Queen Cleopatra the sister and queen Cleopatra the wife, Benefactors, the Jews in Nitriani (dedicated) the synagogue and its appurtenances" [Lit. proseuche = house of prayer] 2. Glyptic Artifact: Greek Synagogue inscription on limestone 3. Provenance: Nitriani, [modern Wadi El Natrun] Egypt, 1929 AD 4. ... Appendages: Hostels, Housing and Food Banks in Synagogues b. Also at Theodostos 18 BC inscription c. The Land survey of Crocodilopolis 113 BC d. Xenephyris 139 BC inscription By Steve Rudd 2017: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections ... Providence: God's eternal plan: The providential transition from Temple to Synagogue to Church Origin: Synagogues originated at Alexandria Egypt in 280 BC spawned by the Septuagint Jesus the Messiah of the Tanakh: 1. First Century Jewish Messianic ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Nitriani-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyVIII-Cleopatra-proseuche-appurtenances-Natrun-139bc.htm

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The Madaba map (mosaic floor) 542 AD St. George's Orthodox church ... It is a large mosaic floor about 20 feet wide in Madaba, Jordan. Click to View In 622 AD, the Muslims slit the throats of most of the Christians living from Egypt to Constantinople, including the promised land and the city of Madaba, Jordan. The dark ages of Islam had begun. Christians have been murdered at Muslim hands ever ... And the sons of Ammon gathered together from their cities and came to battle." 1 Chronicles 19:7 "They have gone up to the temple and to Dibon, even to the high places to weep. Moab wails over Nebo and Medeba; Everyone's head is bald and every beard is cut off." Isaiah 15:2 B. The exodus route: Border of Egypt 1. The Wadi el-Arish is the ... It shows a revival in the fourth century A.D. as also does Oboda (Avdat, 'Abda, and K. 176:9).This may be indicated by "village" in Greek and "oppidum" in Latin (cf. K. 10:25). II Chronicles 20:2 identified Thamar with En Gedi or at least locates it in the district of En Gedi (86:16). Jerome in Hebrew Questions says, "his city ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-madaba-map.htm

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100 BC: two Greek inscription tombstones of Jewish women Heraclaea ... Two tombstones of two murdered/poisoned Jewish women: 100 BC A Greek Funerary Prayer of vengeance for Heraclaea and Marthina Discovered on Rheneia Island near Delos Greece Introduction: 1. Hebrew as a language was extinct at the time of Jesus both inside Judea and the Diaspora Jews living outside the promised land. Geographic area Language of commerce Default daily use language Inside Judea Greek Aramaic Outside Judea Greek Greek a. Aramaic was the default language as seen in Jesus' ... The inscriptions were dated to 100 BC and determined to be of Jewish origin from a colony living on the Island. "Two Jewish inscriptions from the island of Rheneia near Delos from c. 100 bce imply the use of the LXX outside Egypt also. The Alexandrian translation of the Pentateuch marched victoriously throughout the whole Greek-speaking Jewish Diaspora." (The Septuagint as Christian scripture: its prehistory and the problem of its canon, M. Hengel, R. Deines, M. E Biddle, p76, 2002 AD) 3. The two Jewish ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-inscriptions-archeology-tombstones-Greek-Jewish-Heraclaea-Marthina-murdered-poisoned-prayer-vengeance-Lev23-29LXX-Rheneia-Island-Delos-Greece-100BC

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Solomon's Fortress at Elat, Aqaba: Tell el-Kheleifeh and Jezirat ... ... Sier at random to make one part of Deut 2:1 fit. Of course Anati's view must be rejected because it contradicts the Bible, since does not travel through Ezion-Geber at all! Enati's route also travels from Goshen PAST Qudeirat to Karkom, then back to Qudeirat. This also makes no sense. Ezion-geber creates huge problems for the ... The same Midianite pottery was discovered here as in Timna, Al-Bad and Qurayyah where they manufactured it. Rothenberg is very wrong for suggesting that Jezirat Fara'un is Ezion-Geber that became Solomon's sea port. Ezion-Geber is in the land of Edom, not Egypt. "Jezirat Fara'un (or 'Pharaoh's Island') appears to have been the mining port ... We soon abandoned this idea when it became apparent how common this pottery was on contemporary sites in the Negeb, as well as in the Wadi Arabah and at Tell el-Kheleifeh. Many of these crude, handmade vessels, with which appeared more familiar types of Iron I and early Iron II wheelmade wares, some of which seemed to have ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aqaba.htm

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The Exodus Route: Elim (Nabatean Leuke Kome, Onne, Aynuna) Exodus 15:27 b. "Then they set out from Elim, and all the congregation of the sons of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departure from the land of Egypt." Exodus 16:1 c. "They journeyed from Marah and came to Elim; and in Elim there were twelve ... Sinai directly ahead for the first time. e. Elim, the Wilderness of Sin and Mt. Sinai are lined up geographically in a south to north row. 6. Keys in locating Elim: a. Elim was day 29 from Goshen and day 5 from the Red Sea crossing: Ex 16:1 (Wilderness of Sinai is day 31) b. Geographically Elim is a 5-day journey from the Red ... He is also forced to define Elim like a large wilderness area as opposed to a single location in spite of the fact the Bible said it had 7 springs and 70 date palms. Glen Fritz own words: comments in [square brackets] added: a. "Elim was likely a large district in the Wadi al-'Ifal area of Al-Bad'. Elim may have extended into ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-elim.htm

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Tamar, Hazazon-tamar, Tamara/Thamara and Tamdar Syria Ezekiel 47:19 -"And adjoining the territory of Gad to the south, the boundary shall run from Tamar to the waters of Meribah-kadesh, from there along the Brook of Egypt to the Great Sea." Ezekiel 48:28 The location of this Tamar must be south of the Dead Sea. Its exact location if unknown. Aharioni and ... He built Tadmor in the wilderness and all the store cities that he built in Hamath." 2 Chronicles 8:1-4 1 Ki 9:18 says: Tamar in the wilderness, in the land of Judah. Important to note that the words, "of Judah" are not in the original Hebrew and many Bible translations do not add them. Had the words "of Judah" been in the original Hebrew text, it would make quite a difference. But they ... king of Zobah, David killed 22,000 Arameans." 2 Samuel 8:5 What is also interesting is that the boundaries of Solomon were from Hamath to the Wadi el Arish (river of Egypt): -"So Solomon observed the feast at that time, and all Israel with him, a great assembly from the entrance of Hamath to the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-tamar-tamdar-in-the-wilderness-palmya-syria-thamara-tamara-en-haseva.htm

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Josephus 110 AD. Kadesh Barnea at Petra ... falls into the lake Asphaltitis, and becomes the limit between the land of the Moabites and the land of the Amorites. (Josephus, Antiquities 4.85) Scaurus made now an expedition against Petrea, in Arabia (Josephus, Antiquities 14.80) E. Ishmael lived in Arabia: That he left to Ishmael and to his posterity the country of Arabia (Josephus, Antiquities 2.213) F. Josephus believed Judah bordered with Egypt (at the wadi Al-Arish) and Arabia (Arabah Valley). Egypt was distinct from Arabia. Judah was distinct from Arabia: Moreover, the king built many ships in the Egyptian Bay of the Red Sea, in a certain place called Ezion-geber: it is now called Berenice, and is not far from the city Eloth. (Josephus, Antiquities 8.163) When Moses had said thus, the multitude requited him with marks of respect; and chose twelve spies, of the most eminent men, one out of each tribe, who, passing over all the land of Canaan from the borders of Egypt, came to the city of Hamath, and to Mount Lebanon; and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-ancient-geographers-maps-sinai-egypt-midian-arabia-kadesh-barnea-shur-josephus-110ad.htm

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495-399 BC: The Judean Elephantine Egyptian Papyrus letters to ... ... The most intriguing aspect of Jewish communal life at Elephantine was a temple dedicated to the Hebrew God Yahu (YHW, a variant form of YHWH). According to the papyri, the temple had been destroyed by the Egyptians at the instigation of the priests of the local cult of Kimura in the 14th year of Darius II (410 B.C.E.). Exactly ... You should clearly understand that today I have testified against you." (Jeremiah 42:19) 4. Jeremiah then visits the Jews who left after the destruction of Solomon's temple the following year. a. "'And I will punish those who live in the land of Egypt, as I have punished Jerusalem, with the sword, with famine and with pestilence. 'So ... Much of the text is irretrievably lost, and what remains is perplexing. Some provisions are like those found in the Torah (Pentateuch): "do not [eat] anything leavened" (Exod 12:15, 19; 13:7; Deut 16:3-4; cf. Exod 23:18; 34:25); the reference to a week of eating unleavened bread (Exod 12:15, 18-19; 13:6-7; 23:15; 34:18; Lev ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm

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Did Yahweh Have a Consort, Kuntillet Ajrud, Ze'ev Meshel, 1979 ... Two of these pictures may even be Yahweh and his consort—a blasphemous concept never before suggested by an archaeological discovery! The first announcement and photographs of the Kuntillet Ajrud finds were published in the March 1976 issue of BAR ("Cache of Hebrew and Phoenician ... This new date identified the site as the southernmost outpost of the Judean kingdom, and it became a prime candidate for excavation. A few years later I led the archaeological expedition to Kuntillet Ajrud on behalf of Tel Aviv University (Institutes of Archaeology, and of Nature Conservation Research); the Israel Department of Antiquity; the Department for Holy-Land Studies in the Kibbutz Movement, and the Israel Exploration ... The relatively well-preserved condition of these tower-like rooms revealed some interesting construction details: the walls were built of rough unhewn stones, quarried from local limestone; branches—mainly of the tamarisk tree which grows abundantly in the Wadi Quraiya—were placed ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-did-yahweh-have-a-consort-kuntillet-ajrud-zeev-meshel-1979ad.htm

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List of 300 Old Testament quotes in New Testament ... It is perhaps known best for its famous JPS Tanakh, the translation of the Hebrew Bible in English from the original Hebrew. Matthew Old Testament Quotes | Go to top NT Reference quote OT Source Quote New Testament: New English Translation (NET) Septuagint LXX Vaticanus 325 AD Masoretic MT Jewish Bible JPS Matthew 1:23 Isaiah 7:14 ""Look! The virgin will conceive and bear a son, and they will call him Emmanuel," ... Look, the young woman is with child and about to give birth to a son. Let her name him Immanuel." (Isaiah 7:14) Matthew 2:6 Micah 5:2 "And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are in no way least among the rulers of Judah, for out of you will come a ruler who will shepherd my people ... Hosea 11:1 "He stayed there until Herod died. In this way what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet was fulfilled: "I called my Son out of Egypt."" (Matthew 2:15) "At dawn they were thrown away; the king of Israel was thrown away." "Because Israel was an infant, and I loved him, and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/List-of-300-Old-Testament-passage-quotes-in-New-Testament-Septuagint-Codex-Vaticanus-LXX-Masoretic-MT-Jewish-Tanakh-Bible.htm

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The theme of the rejected blessing of the firstborn given to ... ... the Levites from among the sons of Israel instead of every firstborn, the first issue of the womb among the sons of Israel. So the Levites shall be Mine. "For all the firstborn are Mine; on the day that I struck down all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, I sanctified to Myself all the firstborn in Israel, from man to beast. ... And it came about when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother and killed him." (Genesis 4:1-8) Shem over Japheth: The Bible clearly teaches in all versions, both Greek Septuagint and Hebrew Masoretic, that Shem was second born of when Noah was 502 years old. b. Japheth was firstborn when Noah was 500, Shem ... "Terah lived seventy years, and became the father of Abram, Nahor and Haran." (Genesis 11:26) b. The New Testament tells us that Abraham left Haran at age 75 AFTER Terah dies at 205 in Haran: c. "Then he left the land of the Chaldeans and settled in Haran. From there, after his father died, God had him move to this country in ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/d-Bible-Stolen-blessing-Jacob-Esau-Pattern-theme-firstborn-rejected-blessings-given-to-secondborn-Christ-Christians.htm

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Ancient Synagogue Literary Sources: Philo of Alexandria: 38 AD ... A. About the Philo Fragment in photo above: 1. Fragments of early papyrus codex in Greek: Old Testament scripture interpreted by Philo of Alexandria. reco-Roman Egypt, 3rd century CE, found at Oxyrhynchus, 8 x 12 in. (20.3 x 30.5 cm), MS. Gr. class. c. 74(P) / 2 2. Philo (20 BCE-50 CE) was an Alexandrian Jewish biblical ... Philo was a faithful Jew and thoroughly Hellenized. He had a better understanding of Greek than Hebrew, thus favoring the Septuagint over the Hebrew Bible. He was familiar with the writings of Aristotle, Plato, Pythagoras, Homer, and Theognis-influences of Platonism and Stoicism are particularly evident in his writings." (LBD, Philo) 4. "Philo of ... which were being made were directed against the whole nation, and that it was a most mischievous thing to distress the ancient hereditary customs of the land; he, disregarding all these considerations, permitted the mob to proceed with the erection of the statues [in synagogues: 38 AD], though he might have given ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ancient-Synagogue-Archeological-Literary-Sources-Bible-Jesus-Israel-Judea-diaspora-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Philo-of-Alexandria-Judaeus-50ad.htm

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The Civilization of the Edomites, Nelson Glueck The Civilization of the Edomites Nelson Glueck Hebrew Union College The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 10, No. 4. (Dec., 1947), pp. 77-84. Note: Glueck is a Bible trasher who takes the view that the Exodus happened after 1200 BC, when the Bible says it happened in 1450 BC: "Transjordan taken place before the ... Fully as important, however, for the partition of Eastern Palestine into the kingdoms of Edom, Moab, Ammon, and the two Amorite kingdoms of Gilead, were the natural land divisions of the entire country. It is bounded on the west by the Wadi Arabah, the Dead Sea and the Jordan River Valley, on the east and south by the desert, on the north by the wide and deep and precipitous ... Indeed, it may be said that he was the first one who placed the mining industry in the Wadi Arabah upon a really important industrial scale. Solomon, to be sure, had to contend with the guerilla warfare waged against him by Hadad, prince of Edom, who had returned to Edom from Egypt, whither he had fled from ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-civilization-of-the-edomites-nelson-glueck-1947ad.htm

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enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog ... We may distinguish three distinct geo-graphical zones within the Negev of today and suggest their possible biblical equivalents. The Negeb (or "Negeb of Judah") was apparently confined to the Beersheva Valley, drained by Wadi el-Milh/ Wadi el-Mashash, and the rolling plain encompassed by Wadi es-Saba`/ Wadi el-Ghazzeh (Aharoni 1958). The "Wilderness of Beersheba" was most likely the region just south of Beersheba and Natal Besor, ... Biblical Archaeology Review 6: 12-28. forth- Summary and Conclusions, in Herzog, Z., et al. coming Beersheba II Early Iron Age Settlements. Tel Aviv. Kempinski, A., et al. 1981 Excavations at Tel-Masos: 1972,1974,1975. Eretz-Israel 15 (Aharoni volume): 154-80 (Hebrew). Kochavi, M. 1969 Excavations at Tel Esdar. `Atigot 5: 14-48 (Hebrew). 1977 Malhata. Tel. Pp. 771-75 in M. Avi-Yonah and E. Stern, eds., Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, vol. 3. 1979 The Beginning of Israelite Material Culture. Paper presented at the Sixth ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-enclosed-settlements-negeb-wilderness-beer-sheba-zeev-herzog-1983ad.htm

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Petra, Jordan: Biblical Kadesh Barnea, Sela, Joktheel, En-mishpat ... Click to View 1. Josephus, Eusebius and Jerome all said that Kadesh Barnea was located at Petra. The Treasury at Petra was carved by the Nabataeans in 100 BC and represents a reuse of the Hebrew city. 2. This unusual "city of the tombs" carved into ... Josephus (110 AD), Eusebius (325 AD), Jerome (400 AD) all stated that Petra is where Aaron died on Mt. Hor. Mt. Hor was Transjordan outside the promise land only one stop from Kadesh. 4. All Bible maps since 1916 AD wrongly locate Kadesh Barnea at ... People are looking for a single rock that split, when in fact it was more like an earth quake that split an entire mountain in two. More on the rock that split. 6. There is an ancient tradition (Eusebius) of the "River of Moses" (Wadi Musa) that ... A few miles south of Kadesh is where the north/south portion of the border "terminates". The border continues "as far as Kadesh" then changes direction due west, and starts heading for the Brook of Egypt. So as you drive past Kadesh on your left, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-petra.htm

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