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| Documents with links to: Greek Scroll Twelve minor prophets Nahal Hever 50 BC: Septuagint Translation of 8HevXIIgr ... https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-Septuagint-twelve-Greek-Minor-prophets-scroll-Nahal-Hever-Bar-Kochba-Cave-of-Horrors-letters-Dodekapropheton-Greek-8HevXIIgr-50BC.htm |
| 51: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Herodium 66 AD
They surrendered without bloodshed in 70 AD. d. In 132 AD the rebels again used the synagogue only to be defeated by Hadrian. 2. Herodium is the perfect example of a first century open air synagogue with four freestanding symbolic columns. a. The zealot rebels captured Herodium in 66 AD and converted the open air existing triclinium into a synagogue but were defeated a few years later by the Romans in 70 AD. 3. Decorative "freestanding columns" or pillars: a. Freestanding Columns: Antitype of Christians b. Four freestanding columns and benches were added according to known "synagogue typology". c. The author noted that the spacing of the four columns was too wide to support anything other than a light canopy covering, if any at all, and propose an open-air synagogue. Freestanding columns without roof: There were only four pillars and the span between them is 8.54 m (28 feet). This far exceeds the construction distance span for any kind of roof other than a light canopy covering. d. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Herodium-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-bema-mikveh-mikvaot-free-standing-columns-open-air-first-jewish-revolt-66ad.htm | Size: 161K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 52: | Schools, Education and Literacy of Jews In Synagogues Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. IN 931 BC JEWS COULD ALL READ AND WRITE BOOKS "But beyond this, my son, be warned: the writing of many books is endless, and excessive devotion to books is wearying to the body." (Ecclesiastes 12:12) SCHOOLS AND LITERACY OF JEWS IN SYNAGOGUES A. History of Jewish Literacy: 1. The Jewish nation is the historically most literate of any nation on earth. 2. Hebrew was the first formal alphabet on earth in 1850 BC from which all other alphabets are derived including English. 3. In 1446 BC Moses mandated father's reading the Law of Moses to their sons, and therefore also how to read and write, so their sons could repeat the process for their children. a. ""Remember the day you stood before the Lord your God at Horeb, when the Lord said to me, 'Assemble the people to Me, that I may let them hear My words so they may learn to fear Me all the days they live on the earth, and that they may teach their children.'" (Deuteronomy 4:10) b. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Schools-ancient-Synagogue-Literacy-of-Jews-education-reading-writing-first-century-early-Christian-Church-New-Testament-worship-patterned-prototype-liturgy.htm | Size: 69K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 53: | Hostels, Housing, Food Banks and appendages in Synagogues Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. APPENDAGES, HOSTELS, HOUSING, FOOD BANKS IN SYNAGOGUES A. Appendages were buildings adjoining the main synagogue hall and date back to the earliest times: 1. Take a look at each of the ancient synagogue inscriptions and notice the different types of activities they did in their buildings that were adjoining the main synagogue worship hall. 2. "Assembly hall and town hall for the local Jewish congregation: As such, the synagogue served as a centre for community fund-raising, charitable collections, congregational affairs, and as a type of court of public interests (S. Safrai 1976:942). Levine (2000:19-41, 124-159; 2004:27-30) contends that "the synagogue of this period was primarily a communal institution serving the many and varied needs-including the religious ones-of the local community". These services included: social and political gatherings, religious instruction, Torah reading and prayer, col-lecting monies for the Temple ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Hostels-Housing-ancient-Synagogue-Appendages-Food-Banks-out-buildings-farming-first-century-early-Christian-Church-New-Testament-worship-patterned-prototype.htm | Size: 72K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 54: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Qiryat Sefer 90 BC Assembly hall is a perfect square: 9.6 x 9.6 meters b. The synagogue is similar to Magdala, Masada, Herodium, and Gamla c. GPS: 31.926606° 35.042382° d. Kiryat Sefer is located 25 km east of Tel Aviv, on a hill near the ancient road from Caesarea via Beit Horon to Jerusalem. e. Abandoned after the Bar Kokhba rebellion of 132-5 AD 2. Twin synagogues of the Maccabees: a. The walls in the Qiryat Sefer were painted red, as were the columns at Magdala. b. Qiryat Sefer has two rows of interior plastered and painted pillars c. There is a second Maccabean synagogue at Modein a 6.5 km southeast of Qiryat Sefer that features red and yellow plaster fresco on the synagogue columns and wall. d. Likely both Modein and Kiryat Sefer were built and maintained by the Maccabees given their similarities in interior decorating. Modein 132 BC Qiryat Sefer 90 BC A. Earliest Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = 40 BC 1. Excavation date: first century 2. Inscriptional date: none 3. Literary date: none 4. SOD ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Qiryat-Sefer-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-red-plastered-painted-fresco-four-columns-mikveh-mikvaot-benches-90bc.htm | Size: 71K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 55: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Ostia, Seaport of Rome, Italy ... Ostia is the main seaport of Rome built by Augustus. The fact imperial decrees referenced the Synagogue at Ostia in 49 BC, shows that the port was functioning before Augustus did his makeover after 31 BC. b. The "Sestertius" coin of Nero in 64 AD commemorates a renovation of the Port under Nero. c. Ostia is 32 km south west of Rome on the main highway. d. It is likely that Apostle Paul preached in the synagogue of Ostia after his release from being in prison for two years. e. GPS: 41.748910° 12.288611° 2. The Synagogue at Ostia used the Septuagint, as did every other synagogue in the world. A. Earliest Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = 50 AD 1. Excavation date: first century 2. Inscriptional date: Ostia synagogue inscription of 200 AD 3. Literary date: None 4. SOD computation system details: Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = SOD. B. Synagogue Compass Orientation: 1. Orientation East or towards Jerusalem: No. 2. Compass headings: a. Compass heading towards ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ostia-Port-Rome-Italy-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-Mazzot-oven-unleavened-bread-ark-of-scrolls-bema-Mikveh-50ad.htm | Size: 85K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 56: | Synagogue prototype master summary chart and introduction: The ... Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. The Synagogue was the prototype of the Christian Church for Worship and Function Prototype Jerusalem Temple Synagogue Church Who controlled Sadducees: Acts 5:17 Not initially, but by 100 BC Pharisees took over control. Lk 11:43, Jn 12:42 Christians: Jew and Gentile Weekly attendance No (3 times a year) Yes: every Sabbath Yes: every first day, Sunday. Acts 20:7; 1 Cor 16:2 Government Levitical High priest Sole top authority (like Catholic Pope) Democracy: Body of equal rulers (Mark 5:22, 35-36, 38; Luke 8:41, 13:14) Democracy: plurality of equal elders/ bishops/ shepherds. 1 Tim 3; Tit 1 Clericalism Yes: Non-priests who entered the Holy Place were stoned. No: Any Jew could lead any event in the synagogue. No: Every Christian is a priest. Any man can preach, read, pray or officiate communion. Age of participation 30 years for priests: Num 4. Ezek 1:1; John the Baptist and Jesus: Luke 3:23 Any pubescent boy Any baptized boy ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Worship-Introduction-master-Summary-chart-Synagogue-First-century-early-Christian-Church-New-Testament-patterned-copied-ancient-prototype-ritual-liturgy.htm | Size: 120K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 57: | Origin of Synagogues: 10 Reasons why Synagogues began in Alexandria ... Septuagint was distributed. The global distribution of the Septuagint was the engine that spawned the birth of Synagogues as a part of God's eternal plan to create a bridge between temple worship and the Christian Church. Introduction: 1. Although Ptolemy II wanted the Jewish scriptures translated into Greek in 282 BC for his father's (Ptolemy I) famous Library of Alexandra, the local Jews quickly made copies and started to gather to read the "Bible for themselves" and of course pray. The very first synagogue in the world was started when a small group of very excited Jews agreed to gather together in someone's home to pray and read the Greek Tanakh, which at this point consisted only of the first five books of Moses. The first and oldest word for a synagogue is the Greek word, "proseuche" and it means "house of prayer". The first synagogues were in "houses" (ie. HOUSE of prayer). As more copies of the Septuagint were produced combined with the large numbers who wanted to participate ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Origin-of-ancient-Synagogues-first-century-originated-at-Alexandria-Egypt-began-spawned-by-Greek-Septuagint-translation-Tanakh-Babylonian-captivity-Nehemiah-280BC.htm | Size: 125K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 58: | Ancient Synagogue Land Survey Inscription from Crocodilopolis ... Northwards as far as the city boundary..." 2. Epigraphic Evidence: Greek Synagogue text on papyrus 3. Provenance: Tebtunis, Egypt, 1902 AD 4. Current location: P.Tebt.0085, Bancroft Library, Berkley University. 5. Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = 240 BC a. SOD computation system details b. Excavation date: none c. Inscriptional date: Crocodilopolis 240 BC d. Literary date: 113 BC and Crocodilopolis 113 AD 6. Contemporary Rulers: Ptolemy IX Soter II King of Ptolemy (116-107 BC) 7. References: a. CPJ: Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, Tcherikover, vol 1, no. 1.134, 1957 AD 8. Related Literary references: a. Acts 16:13 b. Philo, Embassy 132-134 c. Josephus, Life 277 9. Further documentation and comments: a. This papyrus is a record of a land survey. b. This is probably the same Synagogue as in the Synagogue inscription that dates to 240 BC and also one of the two synagogues referenced in the papyrus of 113 AD around the time of Trajan. c. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Crocodilopolis-Arsinoe-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyIX-land-survey-acres-proseuche-Tebtunis-113bc.htm | Size: 51K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 59: | Synagogue allusions in the New Testament Passover to purify themselves." (John 11:54-55) b. "Draw near to God and He will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners; and purify your hearts, you double-minded." (James 4:8) c. "instructing us to deny ungodliness and worldly desires and to live sensibly, righteously and godly in the present age, looking for the blessed hope and the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Christ Jesus, who gave Himself for us to redeem us from every lawless deed, and to purify for Himself a people for His own possession, zealous for good deeds." (Titus 2:12-14) d. ""Therefore do this that we tell you. We have four men who are under a vow; take them and purify yourself along with them, and pay their expenses so that they may shave their heads; and all will know that there is nothing to the things which they have been told about you, but that you yourself also walk orderly, keeping the Law. "But concerning the Gentiles who have believed, we wrote, having decided that they should ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/synagogue-worship-New-Testament-allusions-symbolism-antitypes-church-moses-seat-baptism-mikveh-foot-washing.htm | Size: 53K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 60: | Sacred Meals, Passover, Lord's Supper, Communion: No Common Meals ... Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. SACRED MEALS, NO COMMON MEALS IN SYNAGOGUES A. Communal meals and food preparation: Passover, unleavened bread ovens: "maẓẓot" 1. Three times a year the Jews would have sacred meals like the Passover: a. "Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying, 'On the tenth of this month they are each one to take a lamb for themselves, according to their fathers' households, a lamb for each household. 'Now if the household is too small for a lamb, then he and his neighbor nearest to his house are to take one according to the number of persons in them; according to what each man should eat, you are to divide the lamb. 'Your lamb shall be an unblemished male a year old; you may take it from the sheep or from the goats. 'You shall keep it until the fourteenth day of the same month, then the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel is to kill it at twilight. 'Moreover, they shall take some of the blood and put it on the two ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Sacred-Meals-ancient-Synagogue-Passover-mazzot-communion-lords-supper-first-century-early-Christian-Church-Potluck-New-Testament-worship-prototype-ritual-liturgy.htm | Size: 83K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 61: | Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Schedia, Egypt 240 BC Inscriptionum Judaicarum II, Jean-Baptiste Frey, 2.1440, p366, 1952 AD 8. Related Literary references: a. Acts 16:13; Philo, Embassy 132-134; Josephus Life 277 b. Schedia: Strabo, Geogr. 17.1.16,22; 3 Maccabees 4:11 9. Literary references to Schedia: a. The Judeans Held in Schedia: "And when these people were brought to the place being called Schedia, and the aimless voyage was finished, just as had been decreed by the king, he commanded them to encamp in the hippodrome, having established it outside the city with an immense circumference, and having made it very well situated for pointing out to public shame to all those returning to the city, and to those going from the city into the countryside for a trip abroad, so that they could not communicate with his forces, nor could they claim the enclosing wall at all." (3 Maccabees 4:11) b. "On passing through the Canobic gate of the city, on the right hand is the canal leading to Canobus, close to the lake. They sail by this canal to ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Schedia-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyIII-Queen-Berenice-proseuche-house-prayer-dedicated-240bc.htm | Size: 53K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 62: | Role of Women preachers, segregation and Children in Synagogues Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. ROLE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN SYNAGOGUES A. Women not segregated from men in the Synagogue worship: 1. Contrary to popular myth, women were not segregated in first century worship services of either the church or synagogues. a. If you worshipped in a synagogue, you would find entire families worshipping together. b. The only specialized seating was by trade: Stone masons would sit together. Carpenters would sit together, but otherwise there was no segregation of any kind. c. The older sat on the higher benches and the younger on the lower benches, but there was no class or sex segregation. d. Synagogues worshipped exactly like ancient churches and modern churches in united family groups of mother, father and children. 2. Imperial Decree for the synagogue at Halicarnassus in 30 BC a. Halicarnassus: (beside Cos) : "The decree of those of Halicarnassus. "When Memnon, the son of Orestidas by descent, but by adoption of Euonymus, was ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Role-of-Women-Synagogue-preachers-leaders-segregated-Children-first-century-early-Christian-Church-New-Testament-worship-patterned-prototype-ancient-liturgy.htm | Size: 69K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 63: | Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Delos, Greece #1: 250 BC ... Knossos for his benefactions toward them." 2. Glyptic artifact: Greek Synagogue inscription on marble 3. Provenance: Both Delos inscriptions #1 and #2 were found together on the seashore 100 meters from the Synagogue on Delos Island, Greece 1979 AD 4. Current location: Delos Museum, Greece 5. Delos Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = 250 BC a. SOD computation system details b. Excavation date: Delos excavation top plan 250 BC c. Inscriptional date: 250 BC and Delos #2 synagogue inscription d. Literary date: none 6. References: a. Les Israélites de Délos et la juiverie délienne, Philippe Bruneau, BCH, p465, 1982 AD b. IJO: Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis, David Noy, vol 1, Arc67, 2004 AD 7. Related Bible verses: a. Woman at the well, "Spirit and Truth" John 4:7-45 b. Freewill "first fruit offerings" sent to needy Christians in Jerusalem by early Christians: 1 Cor 16:1-2 8. Further documentation: a. Delos inscription: 250 BC b. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Delos-Greece-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-Israelites-first-fruits-offerings-Samaritan-temple-Mt-Gerizim-250bc.htm | Size: 51K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 64: | Messianic Sermon Topics In Synagogues: How Christians used the ... Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. I. BIBLE READINGS IN SYNAGOGUES A. Public Bible reading, study, teaching: 1. As we have seen elsewhere in this book, Synagogues began in 280 BC at Alexandria, as a direct result of Antiochus II translating the Hebrew scriptures into Greek (Septuagint). a. The spiritually starved Greek speaking Jews were experiencing a famine for the word of God because they could not read Hebrew. b. The genesis of synagogues throughout the world followed the distribution of the LXX. c. As soon at the Septuagint arrived in a distant population of diaspora Jews, they immediately gathered to read and pray. d. The first name used to designate a synagogue was the Greek: "House of Prayer". 2. Public readings in the town: a. In 440 BC, Nehemiah conducted Public reading of scripture in the city gate, proving that synagogues did not exist yet. b. "[I:1 A] [73d], Said R. Yohanan, "[The rule of M. 3:1A] represents the view of R. Menahem b. R. Yosé. For R. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Sermon-Topics-ancient-Synagogue-Messianic-prophecy-Rabbinical-approach-how-to-convert-a-Jew-first-century-church-New-Testament-prototype-ritual-liturgy-worship.htm | Size: 94K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 65: | Table of the Scrolls: Prototype of the Church Communion Table Christians borrowed from Jewish synagogues, not the other way around. Standardized Architectural Synagogue Signature Typology Synagogue Architecture adopted by the Christian Church Floorplans and Furnishings of Pre-70 AD Second Temple Period synagogues "Clean out the old leaven so that you may be a new lump, just as you are in fact unleavened. For Christ our Passover also has been sacrificed." (1 Corinthians 5:7) "You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons; you cannot partake of the table of the Lord and the table of demons." (1 Corinthians 10:21) TABLE OF THE SCROLLS: PROTOTYPE OF THE COMMUNION TABLE 1. The Table of the scrolls was a standard fixture in all of the earliest synagogues. a. Scrolls would be taken out of the Ark of the Scrolls cabinet and placed on the Table of the scrolls during live worship services. b. An attendant would take the scrolls out of the Ark of the Scrolls, place it on the Table of the Scrolls until the time of reading. c. The attendant would ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Table-of-the-Scrolls-Tanakh-Prototype-Communion-altar-Architectural-ancient-Synagogue-pre-70AD-standardized-typology-design-incorporated-copied-similarities-church.htm | Size: 48K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 66: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gamla 76 BC Ballista and other slings. c. "Finds at the synagogue were from the final stage and battle. They included 350 ballista balls, 35 arrowheads, and many nails and pottery items, among them Herodian lamps, broken jars, and cooking pots." (Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research, Rachel Hachlili, p28, 2013 AD) 2. Gamla was founded by Alexander Jannaeus no later than 76 BC (103-76 BC) a. As one of the most important spiritual leaders it is unthinkable that Alexander Jannaeus would found this town without a synagogue. b. The synagogue seen today is a one period occupation site that likely dates back to 76 BC and was used until destroyed in 67 AD. c. "Gamla is the earliest synagogue structure to have been discovered in Judaea to date'" The building may have been built around the turn of the first century C.E., although a mid-first century B.C.E. foundation, some time between Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 B.c.E.) and Herod (37-4 B.c.E.), has also been ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gamla-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-ark-scrolls-niche-mikveh-heart-columns-bema-Judas-jewish-war-ballista-coin-76bc.htm | Size: 131K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 67: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Sardis, Asia 49 BC Christians in Jerusalem to flee its destruction in 70 AD. b. GPS: 38.488333° 28.040278° 2. With Josephus recording two imperial decrees (49 and 48 BC), we can be certain the Sardis synagogue existed before 49 BC, even as far back as 220 BC wherein Sardis joins a family of being among the earliest synagogues on earth. 3. The importance of the city of Sardis, as a commercial center of the former capital of the Persian empire which dates back as far as 536 BC, is matched by the Jewish synagogue in Sardis with a continuous 665 year occupation history (49 BC - 616 AD) 4. Although inscriptional evidence from Josephus Antiquities 14.235 makes the existence of a synagogue building certain in 49 BC, the synagogue likely dates back to the time of Seleucid King Antiochus III (223-187 BC) who was contemporary with Ptolemy III who are a major powerhouse in establishing diaspora synagogues. CRITICAL POINT Sardid synagogue founded around 220 BC The origin of the Jewish Community at Sardis under ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Sardis-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-Rev3-table-of-scrolls-niche-shrine-eagle-lions-mosaics-earthquake-Lydia-49bc.htm | Size: 83K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 68: | Oldest Old Testament Bible manuscripts: Qumran | Wadi Murabba ... Old Testament text we posses today have not changed in 2000 years. Both Hebrew and Greek manuscripts of the Tanakh (Old Testament) have been discovered and currently reside in museums. Another important ancient source of Bible texts are small papyrus Phylactery and Mezuzah manuscripts which were considered to be favorite passages. Visit the Seven Scroll Discovery Sites: Qumran | Wadi Murabba'at | Wadi Sdeir Nahal Hever | Nahal Se'elim | Masada | Wadi Daliyeh Introduction: 1. Ancient Bible manuscripts called "Dead Sea Scrolls" originate from five primary sites listed in their geographic order north to south: a. Qumran b. Wadi Murabba'at: Bar Kokhba Revolt Refuge Cave (132-135 AD) c. Wadi Sdeir (cave of David at Engedi) d. Nahal Hever: Bar Kokhba Revolt Refuge Cave (132-135 AD) e. Nahal Se'elim f. Masada: First Jewish War (66-74 AD) g. Wadi Daliyeh is considered a Dead Sea Scroll Cave but no Bible manuscripts were found there. 2. "Virtually all of the Dead Sea Scrolls from Qumran (and a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-oldest-manuscripts-Bible-Ancient-copies-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Qumran-Masada-Nahal-Hever-Nahal-Seelim-Wadi-Murabbaat-Masoretic-Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic | Size: 362K Depth: 3 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 69: | Orientation of Early Synagogues Did Not Point to Jerusalem Or ... Christians borrowed from Jewish synagogues, not the other way around. Standardized Architectural Synagogue Signature Typology Synagogue Architecture adopted by the Christian Church Floorplans and Furnishings of Pre-70 AD Second Temple Period synagogues "I have heard your prayer and your supplication, which you have made before Me; I have consecrated this house which you have built by putting My name there forever, and My eyes and My heart will be there perpetually." (1 Kings 9:3) EARLY SYNAGOGUES DID NOT POINT TO JERUSALEM or EASTERLY Eastern vs. Jerusalem Orientation of synagogues: God's ears, eyes, heart and name See also: East orientation of Jewish temples and altars A. Eastern or Jerusalem Orientation of Jewish synagogues: 1. None of the pre-70 AD synagogues were oriented towards Jerusalem. a. The first century synagogue at Capernaum, through sheer fluke of geography, almost due north of Jerusalem, making its orientation basically towards Jerusalem. But not close enough on the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Orientation-Point-to-Jerusalem-face-East-Architectural-ancient-Synagogue-pre-70AD-standardized-typology-design-incorporated-adopted-similarities-into-church.htm | Size: 71K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 70: | Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Nitriani, Egypt 139 BC Current location: Alexandria Museum. 5. Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = 139 BC a. SOD computation system details b. Excavation date: none c. Inscriptional date: 139 BC d. Literary date: none 6. Contemporary Rulers: Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, King of Ptolemy (145-116 BC) 7. References: a. JIGRE #25; Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum II, Jean-Baptiste Frey, 2.1442, 1952 AD 8. Related Literary references: a. Acts 16:13; Philo, Embassy 132-134; Josephus Life 277 B. Inscription footnotes: 1. Lit. proseuche = house of prayer 2. Out buildings: houses, storage, water installations, gardens 3. Lit. exedra = adjoining structures: Out buildings: houses, storage, water installations, gardens a. Appendages: Hostels, Housing and Food Banks in Synagogues b. Also at Theodostos 18 BC inscription c. The Land survey of Crocodilopolis 113 BC d. Xenephyris 139 BC inscription By Steve Rudd 2017: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Nitriani-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyVIII-Cleopatra-proseuche-appurtenances-Natrun-139bc.htm | Size: 47K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 71: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Gush Halav, Gischala 78 BC Jerusalem and paraded by Titus in Rome in the great processional: Jos. W. 7.118 3. The first century synagogue (not pictured here) is on the top of the hill under a church that was built on top of its remains. a. "Surveys made at the end of the 19th and early 20th century revealed the remains of two synagogues. The village church was built over the remains of one which stands at the highest point on the hill. The other built of large carefully dressed blocks and in a better state of preservation, is beautifully situated near the village spring, overlooking a green valley. The inner dimensions of the building are 46 feet by 50 feet. It had an inner colonnade on three sides of the hall, of which the stylobate and some bases and column drums still remain in position. The main entrance to the building was on the south, the side facing Jerusalem, and was decorated with architectural motifs. Lining the long walls were stone benches to seat the congregation. The lintel of the main entrance, ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Gush-Halav-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-John-of-Gischala-first-jewish-war-revolt-bema-heart-columns-ark-scrolls-78bc.htm | Size: 84K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 72: | Synagogue Organization and Government: Elders, officials, attendants ... Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. GOVERNMENT IN SYNAGOGUES A. Leadership and government Transition from Temple to Synagogue to church: 1. Qualifications change from pedigree to morality and living spiritual faith. a. The Hebrew Jerusalem temple had animal sacrifices and special "ordained" high priests in a system of clericalism based upon pedigree. Like the dynasty of Judean Kings and scribes, the High priest had to trace his parentage back to Levi though specific genealogical records. There are many examples in the Bible of the general population rejecting the successor in prophetic and kingly dynasties. Both Eli and Samuel's children were worthless and the people rejected Samuel's sons on moral basis. 1 Samuel 2:22; 1 Samuel 8:1-5 b. Synagogues began in 280 BC as a simple group of spiritually minded common Jewish men (Non-Levite) in Egypt devoted to reading the Torah and prayer. Over time a body of elders was appointed from these men. By about 100 BC the ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Government-organization-Elders-officials-attendants-Synagogue-Independent-overseer-shepherd-first-century-early-Christian-Church-New-Testament-prototype-ancient.htm | Size: 94K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 73: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Modein (Hurvat Umm el-Umdan ... Maccabees one has been excavated. c. Rectangular shape 12 x 10 meters, Bench seats. 8 interior pillars with a mikveh a few meters from the synagogue. 2. Modein is the hometown of Maccabees. (Hasmonean dynasty). a. What 1st Maccabees does tell us in high detail, is that Modein was the home town of the Maccabees. b. From Archeological excavation, we have uncovered a first century BC synagogue that was obviously built and used by the entire Hasmonean dynasty. c. The Maccabees put out a series of Jewish coins: 3. Modein is on the Madaba Map: a. See also: The Madaba Map b. Modein is marked on the Madaba map, accompanied by the legend in Greek: "Modeim, which today is Moditta, wherefrom were the Maccabees." 4. Twin synagogues of the Maccabees: a. There is a second Maccabean synagogue at Kiryat Sefer a 6.5 km northwest of Modein that features the same red and yellow plaster fresco on the synagogue columns and wall. b. The columns at Magdala are also painted red. c. Likely both Modein and ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Modein-Hurvat-Umm-el-Umdan-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-mikveh-ark-of-scrolls-niche-bema-table-colour-fresco-132bc.htm | Size: 88K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 74: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Migdal, Taracheae 50 BC Italian excavators to have served originally as a synagogue. Like the complex at Jericho, the Migdal building dates to the first century B.C. Its main features are columns along three sides and five broad benches on its northern side. According to the excavators, the building was converted into a springhouse following a flood and a three-sided water channel was added behind the columns. a. This synagogue with beautiful first century heart-shaped columns dates to about 50 BC. b. It was converted into a Roman springhouse for water storage around 100 AD. c. The cross section of the floor that was excavated confirms the level of the original synagogue floor. 2. Not too small to be a synagogue: a. At 8.16 to 7.25 meters (26.8 by 23.8 feet), some say this is too small to be a synagogue. But that was before Magdala was discovered! b. Yet recently discovered Magdala (500 meters north) is almost as small at 11 x 11 meters. c. The columns were placed on the outside to maximize the small space ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Migdal-Taracheae-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-heart-shaped-columns-Roman-springhouse-ceramic-tile-roof-50bc.htm | Size: 67K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 75: | Ancient Synagogue Inscriptions from Delos, Greece 250 BC Athenian control in 166 BC. Bruneau also takes the extreme view that this is not even a synagogue but a prayer. 4. "The two inscriptions may be closer to each other in time than Bruneau believes" (IJO, Noy, vol 1, p233, 2004) 5. John Hycranus destroyed the Samaritan temple on Mt Gerizim in 128 BC: Jos. Ant 13:254 6. Knossos is the capital of Crete Island. C. Inscription footnotes: 1. John Hycranus destroyed the Samaritan temple on Mt Gerizim in 128 BC: Josephus Antiquities 13:254-256 2. His hometown was Herakleion, the port city of Knossos on Island of Crete. 3. Lit. proseuche = prayer hall. Must be a Samaritan synagogue as opposed to Jewish because Jews would donate to Jerusalem and hated the Samaritans. D. See also: The Samaritans: Full outline and their history. https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-shechem-josephs-tomb-1865ad.jpg E. For full discussion on the Delos Synagogue see: Delos excavation top plan 250 BC By Steve Rudd 2017: Contact the author for comments, input ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Delos-Greece-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-first-fruits-donations-construct-Samaritan-temple-Mt-Gerizim-250bc.htm | Size: 52K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 76: | First Century Synagogue Top Plans: Magdala, Taricheae 50 BC New Testament and silenced all the scoffers. a. Although the New Covenant refers to Synagogues over 70 times, most "scholars" said none existed before 70 AD, until Magdala was discovered in 2009 AD and suddenly the scoffers all when silent! 2. Magdala is the home town of: a. Josephus' rebel home base in 66 AD: Josephus Life 155-164 b. Mary Magdalene who was first person on earth to proclaim Gospel: Lk 8:2; Mt 28:1; Jn 20:18 c. Jesus healed the hemorrhaging woman: Mark 5:21-43 d. Jairus (synagogue official) Jesus raised Jarius' daughter "Talitha kumi": Mark 5:21-6:1 See also: Organization of Synagogues: Elders, officials, attendants, Independent, autonomous A. Earliest Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = 50 BC 1. Excavation date: first century 2. Inscriptional date: none 3. Literary date: 50 BC a. New Testament 30 AD b. Josephus 90 BC 4. SOD computation system details: Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = SOD. B. Synagogue Compass Orientation: 1. Orientation East or ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Magdala-Taracheae-Migdal-bible-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-Mary-Magdelene-heart-table-4-freestanding-columns-50bc.htm | Size: 76K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 77: | Ancient Synagogues: [SOD] Synagogue Occupation date" computation ... ...What you read in THE BOOK you find in the ground." (Steven Rudd, 2017) Occupation date = Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date A. Current occupation dating systems are incomplete, short-sighted and unprofessional: 1. It is both short-sighted and unprofessional to date the occupation of an historic synagogue based solely upon the conclusions of an archeological report because "absence of archeological evidence is not evidence of absence". 2. Archeologists know first hand the limitations of professional three dimensional excavations. 3. Archeologists routinely ignore inscriptional and literary evidence of actual synagogue occupation. 4. For example, no one questions that Solomon built a temple in Jerusalem in 966 BC, even though there is zero direct archeological evidence for it. Like wise with the exodus route. B. Here are six examples to illustrate the new occupational dating system which should be adopted in all universities: 1. Capernaum in Judea: 30 AD: The ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/SOD-Ancient-oldest-Synagogue-Occupation-date=Excavation-date+Inscriptional-date+Literary-date-computation-system-Judea-Bible-Jesus-pre70AD.htm | Size: 47K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 78: | Ancient Synagogue Payrus Inscription from Crocodilopolis, Egypt ... Emperor and Lord Trajan Caesar till Phaophi 30 of the current 17th year." b. (Col. II) "For supplying water to the bath of Severianus 18 obols daily ; Pachon, Payni, and Epeiph 72 dr. 18 ob. per month ; Mesore 1-15 (36 dr. 9 ob.) ; Mesore 16-3o no bathing (14 dr. 5 ob.) instead of 36 dr. 9 ob. or total for Mesore of 52 dr. For five intercalary days 12 dr. 3 ob. ; 17th year 72 dr. 18 ob. for Thoth and Phaophi. Total 424 dr. 93 ob. For supplying water to the street fountain 9 ob. daily : Pachon and Payni 36 dr. 9 ob. each ; for 27 days in Epeiph 33 dr. 4 ob. ; Mesore 36 dr. 9 ob. ; and" c. (Col. III) "for five intercalary days 45 ob. Total 141 dr. 76 ob. For supplying water to the Macedonians' fountain 9 ob. daily: Pachon, Payni, Epeiph, and Mesore 36 dr. 9 ob. each month; for 5 intercalary days 45 ob. Total 152 dr. 14 ob. For supplying the fountain of Kleopatrios 9 ob. daily : Pachon, Payni, and Epeiph 36 dr. 9 ob. monthly ; Mesore 20 dr. and the additional sum paid by the bath of ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Crocodilopolis-Arsinoe-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-Trajan-proseuche-mikveh-water-tax-drachmae-113ad.htm | Size: 51K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 79: | Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Crocodilopolis, Egypt: 240 ... Current location: Current location is unknown. 5. Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = 240 BC a. SOD computation system details b. Excavation date: none c. Inscriptional date: 240 BC d. Literary date: Crocodilopolis 113 BC and Crocodilopolis 113 AD 6. Contemporary Rulers: Ptolemy III Euergetes King of Ptolemy (246-222 BC) 7. References: a. JIGRE: Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt, Hornbury/Noy, #117 1992 AD b. CPJ: Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, Tcherikover, vol 3, no. 3.1532a, 1964 AD c. Photo: The Jews of Egypt: from Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian, Joseph Modrzejewski, p76-78, 1997 AD 8. Related Literary references: a. Acts 16:13 b. Philo, Embassy 132-134 c. Josephus, Life 277 9. Further documentation and comments: a. This is probably the same synagogue as in the papyrus inscriptions that dates to 113 BC and quite likely one of the two synagogues referenced in the papyrus inscription that dates to the time of Trajan in 113 AD. ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Crocodilopolis-Arsinoe-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyIII-Queen-Berenice-proseuche-Fayum-240bc.htm | Size: 47K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 80: | Oldest Old Testament Bible manuscripts: Qumran | Wadi Murabba ... Old Testament text we posses today have not changed in 2000 years. Both Hebrew and Greek manuscripts of the Tanakh (Old Testament) have been discovered and currently reside in museums. Another important ancient source of Bible texts are small papyrus Phylactery and Mezuzah manuscripts which were considered to be favorite passages. Visit the Seven Scroll Discovery Sites: Qumran | Wadi Murabba'at | Wadi Sdeir Nahal Hever | Nahal Se'elim | Masada | Wadi Daliyeh Introduction: 1. Ancient Bible manuscripts called "Dead Sea Scrolls" originate from five primary sites listed in their geographic order north to south: a. Qumran b. Wadi Murabba'at: Bar Kokhba Revolt Refuge Cave (132-135 AD) c. Wadi Sdeir (cave of David at Engedi) d. Nahal Hever: Bar Kokhba Revolt Refuge Cave (132-135 AD) e. Nahal Se'elim f. Masada: First Jewish War (66-74 AD) g. Wadi Daliyeh is considered a Dead Sea Scroll Cave but no Bible manuscripts were found there. 2. "Virtually all of the Dead Sea Scrolls from Qumran (and a ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-oldest-manuscripts-Bible-Ancient-copies-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Qumran-Masada-Nahal-Hever-Nahal-Seelim-Wadi-Murabbaat-Masoretic-Greek-Hebrew-Aramaic.htm | Size: 362K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 81: | Synagogue Perimeter Benches: Metaphor of Equality in Christ: ... Christians borrowed from Jewish synagogues, not the other way around. Standardized Architectural Synagogue Signature Typology Synagogue Architecture adopted by the Christian Church Floorplans and Furnishings of Pre-70 AD Second Temple Period synagogues "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's descendants, heirs according to promise." (Galatians 3:28-29) SYNAGOGUE PERIMETER BENCHES: METAPHOR OF EQUALITY IN CHRIST: Jas 2:1-4; Gal 3:27 Synagogue perimeter seating emphasized the collective and was a physical visual metaphor for our equality in Christ: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's descendants, heirs according to promise." (Galatians 3:28-29) 1. Ancient Synagogue seats were stone ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Benches-triclinium-seating-Metaphor-Equality-Christ-Architectural-ancient-Synagogue-pre-70AD-standardized-typology-design-incorporated-adopted-similarities-church.htm | Size: 72K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 82: | Archeology of the Greek language at the Time of Christ High priest and the Sadducees. d. After the Babylonian Captivity of 605-536BC, the Jews used the Hebrew language less and less until the time of Alexander the Great when almost none of the Jews spoke Hebrew anymore. e. Outside of Judea the Jews spoke Greek in their synagogues and used the Septuagint exclusively from 280 BC, hundreds of years before the time of Christ. 2. Every aspect of Jewish life at the time of Christ was Greek because Hebrew was extinct among the general population a. Greek Bible (Septuagint) in thousands of synagogues inside Judea and diaspora b. Greek synagogue inscriptions c. Greek money and coins d. Greek funeral markers and grave stones. 3. Working languages at the time of Christ: 30 AD: Working languages at the time of Christ: 30 AD Default working language Other languages spoken Language of worship Jesus Christ Aramaic Syriac Greek, Aramaic Hebrew Septuagint (Galilee) Jews in Canaan Aramaic Syriac Greek Septuagint Jews outside Canaan Greek Aramaic Syriac ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Archeology-of-Bible-languages-Greek-Tanakh-synagogue-inscriptions-coins-Jewish-grave-tombstones-first-century-time-Jesus.htm | Size: 91K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 83: | Origin of Ancient synagogues: Architectural prototype of the ... ...What you read in THE BOOK you find in the ground." (Steven Rudd, 2017) Author's Preface and Introduction: The very first Synagogue on earth was the "Great Basilica Synagogue of Alexandria (Egypt: 280 BC - 117 AD) referenced by Philo in 38 AD, which the Jerusalem Talmud in 400 AD says Hadrian destroyed in 117 AD. Synagogues originated in 280 BC at Alexandria, Egypt as a direct result of Ptolemy II translating the Hebrew Torah in the Greek Septuagint. In fact, by Philo 38 AD, Explicitly dated the origin of Synagogues to 262 BC in Egypt. By the time of Jesus, there were thousands of synagogues in the world and more than 400 in Jerusalem alone. The Greek Tanakh (LXX) was the "standard issue, Jerusalem certified" translation used in every synagogue because Hebrew was functionally extinct in the world by 100 BC. This book, published in May 2017 AD by Steven Rudd identifies 54 second temple period synagogue buildings from archeological top plans, inscriptions and literary sources. For the ... ... https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/welcome.htm | Size: 391K Depth: 1 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 84: | The Septuagint, LXX: 10 Archeological proofs the Septuagint Tanakh ... High priest in Jerusalem! Archeology has confirmed that while the 5 books of Moses (Torah) were the first to be translated in 282 BC into Greek as the Septuagint, the entire Old Testament (Tanakh) had been translated and was is full circulation by 150 BC. This is the view of one of the top Septuagint scholars in the world is Emanuel Tov, a Jewish emeritus professor at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. We have highlighted 10 archeological proofs that the Greek Tanakh was 100% complete and that the Septuagint was the standard "pulpit bible" in every Synagogue: footnote to the Greek Esther dates the book to 176 BC, Eupolemos quotes Greek/LXX Chronicles in 150 BC, Aristeas The Exegete quotes Greek/LXX Job in 150 BC, Prologue from the Wisdom of Sirach/Sira/Ecclesiasticus flatly states the entire Old Testament had been translated into Greek in 132 BC, Letter of Aristeas 155 quotes Greek/LXX Job 42:3 in 130 BC, The 32 foot long Greek/LXX scroll of the 12 minor prophets (8HevXIIgr) dates to 50 ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/Septuagint-LXX-Greek-Bible-entire-Tanakh-39-books-translated-complete-by-150BC.htm | Size: 119K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 85: | Ancient synagogues of the Bible: Ephesus Synagogue: 43 BC Synagogue has been located or excavated in Ephesus. b. No Ephesus synagogue inscriptions have ever been found. 2. Literary source #1: The infallible, inspired and historically inerrant NEW TESTAMENT a. Paul's First missionary journey: "They came to Ephesus, and he left them there. Now he himself entered the synagogue and reasoned with the Jews. When they asked him to stay for a longer time, he did not consent, but taking leave of them and saying, "I will return to you again if God wills," he set sail from Ephesus." (Acts 18:19-21) b. Paul's Second missionary journey: "Now a Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus; and he was mighty in the Scriptures. This man had been instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in spirit, he was speaking and teaching accurately the things concerning Jesus, being acquainted only with the baptism of John; and he began to speak out boldly in the synagogue. But when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Ephesus-ancient-synagogues-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-Jesus-archeology-top-plan-apostle-Paul-43bc.htm | Size: 48K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 86: | Political, Civic and Town Hall Meetings in Synagogues Synagogue worship was the prototype for Christian Church. POLITICAL, CIVIC, TOWN HALL MEETINGS IN SYNAGOGUES A. Town hall type civic meetings in Synagogues: 1. First, it is important to note that these civic meetings were not the same as when a church today holds a purely secular "all candidates political" meeting where the general public get to hear the views with a view to voting. a. Non-Jews were forbidden from entering synagogues. b. The Jews who entered had to be ritually pure, by immersing in the Mikveh before they could enter. c. There were no elections in the first century because it was not a democracy. d. These civic meetings discussed pressing emergency public matters that directly involved and affected the local Jewish community and were not open to the general public. 2. "Assembly hall and town hall for the local Jewish congregation: As such, the synagogue served as a centre for community fund-raising, charitable collections, congregational affairs, and as a type of court ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Political-Civic-assemblies-ancient-Synagogue-Town-Hall-Meetingsfirst-century-early-Christian-Church-New-Testament-worship-patterned-prototyperitual-liturgy.htm | Size: 53K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
| 87: | Ancient Synagogue Inscription from Xenephyris, Egypt 139 BC Current location: Alexandria Museum. 5. Synagogue Occupation Date (SOD) = Excavation date + Inscriptional date + Literary date = 139 BC a. SOD computation system details b. Excavation date: none c. Inscriptional date: 139 BC d. Literary date: none 6. Contemporary Rulers: Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, King of Ptolemy (145-116 BC) 7. References: a. JIGRE #24; Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum II, Jean-Baptiste Frey, 2.1441, 1952 AD 8. Related Literary references: a. Acts 16:13; Philo, Embassy 132-134; Josephus Life 277 B. Inscription footnotes: 1. Lit. proseuche = house of prayer 2. Lit. exedra = adjoining structures: Out buildings: houses, storage, water installations, gardens a. Appendages: Hostels, Housing and Food Banks in Synagogues b. Also at Theodostos 18 BC inscription c. The Land survey of Crocodilopolis 113 BC d. Nitriani 139 BC 3. "presiding": implies they were pro states (synagogue leaders) a. See: Organization of Synagogues: Elders, officials, attendants, Independent, autonomous ... ... ...https://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Xenephyris-Egypt-synagogue-Greek-inscriptions-origin-ancient-first-century-oldest-pre70AD-archeology-PtolemyVIII-Cleopatra-proseuche-house-of-prayer-prostates-139bc.htm | Size: 47K Depth: 2 Find Similar Match Info Show Parents |
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