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The History of Psychiatry: 1500 BC - 2013 AD ...

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51: Reflections and Inquiries Concerning the Virtues of Tar Water ...
...Turpentine pills" were also ingested into the stomach. (Reflections and Inquiries Concerning the Virtues of Tar Water, George Berkeley, 1744 AD) "Suffering a goods deal from nervous colic -toward the end of his life, and having received benefit from the use of tar-water, he wrote a treatise (1744) its virtues, on which he said he had bestowed more, pains than on any of his works. His last book, published (1752) but a few months before his death, was "Further Thoughts on Tar-water". Whatever other people may have thought of the efficacy of tar, (and we know by the advertisements that this remedy is largely believed in by people of our own time) there is no doubt that the Bishop had great faith indeed he owned that he regarded it as a panacea. Swift, in his "Bouts Rimes," refers to it: "Let nobles toast in bright champagne Nymphs higher born than Domitilia; I'll drink her health, again, again, In Berkeley's tar or sars' parilla." In case any of our readers would like to know, the-method ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/reflections-and-inquiries-concerning-the-virtues-of-tar-water-george-berkeley-1744ad.htm

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52: Description Of The Retreat An Institution Near York For Insane ...
Retreat for the insane at York. Although he was unsure if the cause of insanity was spiritual/mind, or physical/body, but he strongly leaned towards the spiritual/mind etiology. "If we adopt the opinion, that the disease originates in the mind, applications made immediately to it, are obviously the most natural; and the most likely to be attended with success. If on the contrary, we conceive that mind is incapable of injury or destruction, and that, in all cases of apparent mental derangement, some bodily disease, though unseen and unknown, really exists, we shall still readily admit... In the present imperfect state of our knowledge, of the very interesting branch of the healing art, which relates to the cure of insanity; and unable as we generally are to ascertain its true seat in the complicated labyrinths. He made a powerful disclaimer against those who believed insanity was a physical disease: "We are, however, far from adopting it as a universal maxim, that maniacal symptoms are ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/description-of-the-retreat-an-institution-near-york-for-insane-samuel-tuke1813ad.htm

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53: Undertaker of the mind: John Monro and mad-doctoring in eighteenth ...
John Wesley and George Whitefield. (Sympathy for popular religious enthusiasm was in rather short supply among the ultra-orthodox "Bethlemeical" physicians, with their family history of high Anglican, Tory, and Jacobite sympathies.)" (Undertaker of the mind: John Monro, Jonathan Andrews, Andrew Scull, 2001 AD, p xv) "John Monro was without question one of the most famous mad- doctors of his generation. Besides his position at Bethlem Hospital, he was also a major figure in the emerging private "trade in lunacy" 5 that was so notable a feature of eighteenth-century England's burgeoning consumer society. Monro attended Bethlem at a time when the hospital's custom of exposing the insane to the eyes of sightseers reached its apogee. In the last years of his tenure as its physician, the practice was radically curtailed-though not at his initiative-after a wave of public, literary, and media protest. Recognized by contemporaries as a leading authority on insanity, Monro's close social ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/undertaker-of-the-mind-john-monro-and-mad-doctoring-jonathan-andrews-andrew-scull-2001ad.htm

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54: Mad-Doctors: William Battie: 1703-1776 AD
They were quacks in the 18th century and they are still quacks today! Click to View See also: History of Psychiatry homepage Click to View Introduction: In 1758 AD, William Battie, Mad Doctor at Bedlam and then St. Lukes asylum, was caustically hostile to Christianity and religion in general, like modern chemical psychiatry today. His A Treatise on Madness, never mentions the words: soul, spirit, God, Jesus. The only time Christianity is brought into the subject is his rather stupid suggestion that the laziness religious leaders causes madness because their "nerves" were out of shape due to lack of use the same way the lazy man has weak heart. It was a clear slap against religion. He was one who actually believed that Christians were generally mentally ill. This attitude prevails today in modern psychiatry. To Battie, all mental illness had a physical cause. Battie's etiology of insanity was borrowed from Nicholas Robinson, who in 1729 AD, wrote a book where he stated bad nerves was a ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-history-mad-doctors-william-battie-1703-1776ad.htm

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55: Psychiatry calls Jesus a paranoid schizophrenic!
Psychiatry calls Jesus a paranoid schizophrenic, Supraphrenic! Sept. 2012: "Jesus' experiences can be potentially conceptualized within the framework of Paranoid Schizophrenia or Psychosis NOS. Other reasonable possibilities might include bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. ... hyperreligiosity ... Suicide-by-proxy is described as "any incident in which a suicidal individual causes his or her death to be carried out by another person. ... a Supraphrenic" (The Role of Psychotic Disorders in Religious History Considered, Evan D. Murray, M.D. Miles G. Cunningham, M.D., Ph.D. Bruce H. Price, M.D., The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2012; 24:410-426) Psychiatry diagnoses Jesus, Abraham, Moses, Paul with schizophrenia! Click to View Click to View Psychiatry is a vicious enemy of Christianity and the Bible. Psychiatry is Anti-Christian Psychiatry is Atheistic Psychiatry is Humanistic Introduction: Click to View See also: History of Psychiatry homepage Psychiatry has ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-atheistic-anti-christian-jesus-mental-patient-paranoid-schizophrenic.htm

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56: On hallucinations: a History and Explanation, Alexandre J. F ...
... This he refused to do. A. was immediately conducted to the bath, and placed under the douche. M. Leuret then interrogated him, and desired him to relate what had happened to him since he had been in the Bicetre. After having listened for some time to all the statements of A., M. Leuret spoke to him as follows : "Now, A., I am going to tell you what I think of all you have told me : there is not a word of truth in anything you have mentioned ; all you have been telling me is sheer nonsense, and it is because you are insane you have been placed in the Bicetre." Here A. replied: "Monsieur Leuret, I am not insane; I cannot help seeing the persons who are under my bed and in the subterranean passages, because they are there. You maintain that all I have been saying is nonsense: I wish it was so, but I know what I see and hear. After what you have said, is there, then, no hope of my getting out of this place ?" "You will go out, but on one condition. Listen to what I am going to tell you. ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/on-hallucinations-a-history-and-explanation-alexandre-j-f-brierre-de-boismont-1859ad.htm

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57: Historical Encyclopedia of Psychiatry. Dictionary of mental illness
Archaic medical terms related to mad doctoring of the 1700's. These are terms from the 1600-1900 that were used in medical and mental health discussions Click to View See also: History of Psychiatry homepage Ab Extra from outside. Adustion the state of being adust, or excessively dry. Affidavit a written statement sworn by a deponent for a judge, from the Latin affidare, to declare on oath. Aloes a bitter purgative derived from the aloe plant. Alterative any medicine intended to produce alteration, particularly in the processes of nutrition. Anodyne any medicine intended to alleviate pain. Antiphlogistic any medicine intended to counteract inflammation. Aorta the main artery of the system, descending from the left ventricle of the heart. Apoplexy a stroke. Black hellebore Helleborus officianalis, which is drastically cathartic, was formerly regarded as a specific in mental illness. It is native to Greece and Asia Minor, but was especially associated with the town of Anticyra on the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/historical-encyclopedia-of-psychiatry-dictionary.htm

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58: Remarks on Dr Battie's Treatise on Madness, John Monro, 1758 ...
Bible preaching as actually driving people insane. Under John Monro preachers were forbidden to even enter Bedlam, since he believed ministers of churches drove the patients to further madness. In 1772, under the indirect advice of John Monro, the British Government passed a law that allowed a person to be committed to Bedlam with a single doctor's medical certificate, and suddenly for the first time, church preachers were stripped of any official role in the process. Today, this has gone so far that insurance companies forbid church preachers from even engaging in "counseling their flock", unless they get a certificate from a secular, atheistic institution. (Remarks on Dr Battie's Treatise on Madness, John Monro, 1758 AD) "Hellebore, an herb used by the ancient Greeks to cure mental disorders, was specified as being "good for mad and furious men." A preparation known as "spirit of skull" involved mixing wine with moss taken from the skull of an unburied man who had met a violent ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/remarks-on-dr-batties-treatise-on-madness-john-monro-1758ad.htm

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59: Incomparable Oleum Cephalicum: The best method for the cure of ...
Medicine in the World, in all the Kinds of Lunacy I have met with. It is of an excellent and most pleasant Smell; and by raising small Pustules upon the Head, which I always anoint with it, opens the Parts which are condens'd, and made almost insensible, by the black Vapours fix'd upon the Brain; it confirms the Texture of the Brain, strengthens the Vessels, and gives a Freedom to the Blood and Spirits inclos'd in them : Being given at first beginning of Disorder, it removes the Cloudiness of the Mind, makes the Patient chearful, lively and active, and when apply'd after the greatest Fury and Passion, it never fails to allay the Orgasm of the Animal Spirits, and sweetly compose 'em. It removes the Terror of the Mind, scatters the Vapours that are the Cause of Enormous Dreams, to which Distracted Persons are almost constantly subject; and procures quiet easy and natural Sleep, to which when the Patient can be brought, without the use of Opiates, he cannot miss of an entire Cure; the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/incomparable-oleum-cephalicum-the-best-method-for-the-cure-of-lunaticks-thomas-fallowes-1705ad.htm

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60: The Spirit of Disease; or Diseases From the Spirit, Franciscus ...
Johann Baptista van Helmont to cure insanity. This was later improved upon by Patrick Blair in 1725 AD. Most important, was the fact that Helmont believed "raging madness" was a disease caused by the human spirit and will. It was a form of water torture and its success in curing the insane. Click to View The insane were suspended by their feet above a large tub of water and lowered, head first up to their waist to the point of asphyxiation. Some died, some survived, some were cured. Helmont wisely, advises to get the court's permission to do this in case they actually drown. It was practiced upon the worthless and lazy that were "of no use in the Common wealth" to make them pull their own weight in society, as well as the "Raving mad". Many cures of insanity were boasted, "did cure several distracted Persons this way, there are many in Holland that can verify" ... "several Cases [of raging madness] be cured by casting the Patients into the Water". The success of this method prove that ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/the-spirit-of-disease-or-diseases-from-the-spirit-franciscus-mercurius-van-helmont-1694ad.htm

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61: The Signs and Causes of Melancholy, Richard Baxter, 1670 AD
Trust in him, and taking Heaven for a satisfying Portion. This is one of the most common Causes". He then goes on to list things like: "when they are in Debt to others", "the secret Root or Cause of all this, is the worst Part of the Sin, which is too much Love to the Body and this World". He also identifies high self esteem and a lack of contentment as a cause: "not sufficiently humbled for our Sin, or else we should be thankful for the lowest State, as being much better than that which we deserved". He also identifies cognitive dissonance (bad conscience) as a trigger of insanity: "great Cause is the Guilt of some great and wilful Sin, when Conscience is convinced, and yet the Soul is not converted". His cure of insanity was to repent: "repent, to love God and your Neighbour, to live soberly, righteously and godly, to pray at all; here you must strive, and not excuse it by any Backwardness; for it is that which must needs be done, or you are lost". Although he believed typical ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/the-signs-and-causes-of-melancholy-richard-baxter-1670ad.htm

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62: Seats And Causes Of Diseases Investigated By Anatomy, Giovanni ...
Morgagni in their expectation that "one day... we will see it in the brain". Of course times up! Game over! Mental illness is a spiritual problem, not a physical bodily or brain disorder. The bodies of the insane are physically and chemically identical to those who are normal. (Seats And Causes Of Diseases Investigated By Anatomy, Giovanni Battista Morgagni, 1761 AD) "Morgagni was the first who systematically correlated clinical manifestations and course of illness with anatomically accurate postmortem findings. His monumental collection of over 700 cases of diseases of all kinds presented by this combined approach laid the basis of scientific medicine and made him the founder of morbid or pathological anatomy. Book I on 'disorders of the head' contains chapters on 'apoplexy', `phrenitis', 'epilepsy', 'paralysis', 'hydrocephalus', and one on 'madness, melancholy, and hydrophobia' from which the extracts are taken. Before Morgagni's time insanity was attributed to many accidental and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/seats-and-causes-of-diseases-investigated-by-anatomy-giovanni-battista-morgagni-1769ad.htm

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63: Psychiatry Myth: Chemical imbalances in the brain!
Mental Illness and the Myth of "Chemical imbalances" of the brain. Click to View Psychiatry: Chemical imbalances are mythical "Chemical imbalances" are to psychiatry what "the missing link" is to evolution. There is no scientific proof that chemical imbalances even exist, must less that they cause mental illness. Drugs don't fix chemical imbalances in the brain, they create them. Introduction: Click to View See also: History of Psychiatry homepage Most people are in for some "shock therapy" when they learn that the popular idea that mental illnesses are caused by a Chemical imbalance in the brain is a myth! It is so widely accepted, it appears "nuts" to question it as fact. Get ready for your shock! You have been lied too by mental health officials and physiatrists! Common Lies promoted by psychiatrists, drug companies and the media: "Depression is a serious medical condition", "Drugs are the most effective treatment for your serious illness", "This drug corrects biochemical imbalances ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-mental-illness-myths-chemical-imbalances.htm

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64: A treatise of the passions and faculties of the soul of man, ...
Husbandmen use to do those Trees which are crooked . . . or else it is done, by scattering and distracting of them; and that not only by the power of Reason, but sometimes also by a cautelous admixture of Passions amongst themselves, thereby interrupting their free current". To Reynolds, a man who is mentally ill is like a crooked tree that needs to be corrected by pruning and staking of the farmer. Of course the primary one to do this staking and pruning was the person themselves, to themselves! To Reynolds, the Bible command to "flee fornication" was achieved by power of will and self control. He also recommended people avoid such sinful sexual activity and to replace such thoughts with positive wholesome things as a kind of "minds decoy" to get your thoughts off of sex. When your mother told you to take cold shower and read the Bible because you were "horny", this is exactly the kind of thing Reynolds would advise. (A Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soul of Man, Edward ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/a-treatise-of-the-passions-and-faculties-of-the-soul-of-man-edward-reynolds-1640ad.htm

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65: Observations on Maniacal Disorders, William Pargeter, 1792 AD
...The maniac was locked in a room, raving and exceedingly turbulent. ... I then suddenly unlocked the door - rushed into the room and caught his eye in an instant. The business was then done - he became peaceable in a moment." Of course this proves that insanity is not some chemical imbalance in the brain where a person is unable to control themselves. Rather, the "madness" can be turned on and turned off at the will of the "madman". Benjamin Rush would adopt "catching the eye" as a treatment in 1812. (Observations on Maniacal Disorders, William Pargeter, 1792 AD) "During the second half of the eighteenth century following the wider experience of the insane afforded by the increasing number of private mad-houses as well as public 'lunatic hospitals' which opened at that time, it was gradually learnt that as Battie (1758) wrote 'management did much more than medicine' in the `cure of madness'. 'Management' meant humane treatment and reflected the spirit of philanthropy and awakened social ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/observations-on-maniacal-disorders-william-pargeter-1792ad.htm

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66: Peace of Mind and Health of Body, Lewis Southcomb, 1750 AD
Apothecaries that will be true both to Physician and Patient." Southcomb clearly rejects all the moral treatments and torture practiced in Bedlam on the residents there. He also rejected that the worst cases of insanity should have any negative stigma attached to them. Like many in chemical psychiatry today, Southcomb did not hold the insane person responsible any more than if he had a fever. "And, if it be no Disgrace to he afflicted with one Disease, why should it be so to be afflicted with another" (Peace of Mind and Health of Body, Lewis Southcomb, 1750 AD) "This was the only book on 'the Hypochondriacal, or Hysterical Passion . . . Melancholy . . . and Madness' by a country clergyman who had `study'd Physick in London' and combined the cure of souls with that of bodies. Like those other `clerical mad-doctors' John Ashborne and Francis Willis senior before and after him, Southcomb specialised in 'nervous Diseases' because he considered it 'the greatest of all Charities . . . to ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/peace-of-mind-and-health-of-body-lewis-southcomb-1750ad.htm

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67: The Rule of Conscience (Ductor dubitantium), Jeremy Taylor, 1660 ...
... Ductor dubitantium, or the rule of conscience, 1660 London, Royston 2 vols. VOL I, pp. 208, 216-7, 210-I SCRUPLES: OBSESSIONAL NEUROSIS A scruple is a great trouble of mind proceeding from a little motive, and a great indisposition, by which the conscience though sufficiently determined by proper arguments, dares not proceed to action, or if it doe, it cannot rest . . . That it is a great trouble, is a daily experiment and a sad sight : Some persons dare not eat for fear of gluttony, they fear that they shall sleep too much, and that keeps them waking, and troubles their heads more, and then their scruples increase. If they be single persons, they fear that every temptation is a . . . burning which the Apostle so carefully would have us to avoid, and then that it is better to marry then to suffer it; and if they think to marry, they dare not for fear they be accounted neglecters of the glory of God which they think is better promoted by not touching a woman. When they are married they ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/the-rule-of-conscience-ductor-dubitantium-jeremy-taylor-1660ad.htm

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68: A discourse of the damned art of witchcraft, William Perkins ...
... Finchingfield in Essex, 1608 Cambridge, Legge pp. 190-4 DEVILS NOT HUMORS Witches of our times (say they) are aged persons, of weake braines, and troubled with abundance of melancholie, and the devill taketh advauntage of the humor, and so deludes them, perswading that they have made a league with him, when they have not, and consequently mooving them to imagine, that they doe, and may doe strange things, which indeed are done by himselfe, and not by them. This reason is a meere melancholike conceit, without ground. And the contrarie is a manifest truth, that they are not so, as is affirmed, parties deceived by reason of their humors. For first, our Witches are as wise and politike, yea as craftie and cunning in all other matters, as other men be; whereas brainsicke persons troubled with melancholy, if their understanding be distempered in one action, it will be faultie likewise in others, more or lesse. Againe, our Witches know that they sinne in their practises of Witchcraft, and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/a-discourse-of-the-damned-art-of-witchcraft-william-perkins-1608ad.htm

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69: Cases of Mental Disease, with Practical Observations, Sir Alexander ...
The first Plate gives a view of the different parts of an apparatus for giving the Douche, consisting of a bucket, from which a stream of water is made to fall on the head of the patient from different heights, regulated by a rope and pully, - by the cock inserted into the lower part of the bucket, the size of the stream is regulated; in this Plate is likewise exhibited a perpendicular section of a warm bath, with the position of the patient in it, form of spring-straps to fasten him, if necessary, - the cover of the bath, with space for the patient's neck, and a wax-cloth tippet to carry off the cold water. Click to View Fig 117 Click to View Fig 118 In the second Plate, the form of a Rotatory Machine is given, consisting of two perpendicular posts, connected by two transverse beams, - a strong armchair, with straps to secure the patient, and four ropes attached to it, and kept apart above by a perforated piece of wood, to prevent their being entangled; the chair is made to turn by ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/cases-of-mental-disease-with-practical-observations-sir-alexander-morison-1828ad.htm

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70: An Epidemic Of Hysterics, William St. Clare, 1787 AD
Naturalists and Physicians may . . . consider of it; Whether it be probable or possible, that naturall Ecstasies and Enthusiasms, such as proceed from naturall causes merely, should be contagious: though not contagious in the same manner, as the Plague, or the Pox is; yet contagious in their kind'. But very few epidemics of insanity, hysterics, dancing mania or tarantism such as occurred on the Continent were recorded in England and the few were limited to small and closely knit communities. A famous one was described by John Freind (1675- 1728), MD Oxon, FRCP, FRS, first English historian of medicine, in a letter `De Spasmi Rarioris Historia' in The Philosophical Transactions, 1701, popularly known as the case of 'the barking girls of Oxford'. The children of two related families of Blackthorn had for some months been seized by frequent attacks of `barking and howling like dogs . . . accompanied by violent rhythmic movements of the head and contortions of the face . . . when their ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/an-epidemic-of-hysterics-william-st-clare-1787ad.htm

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71: In Darkest England and the Way Out, William Booth 1890 AD
... They will still remain objects worthy of infinite compassion. They should lead as human a life as is possible to those who have fallen under so terrible a judgment. They should have their own little cottages in their own little gardens, under the blue sky, and, if possible, amid the green fields. I would deny them none of the advantages, moral, mental, and religious which might minister to their diseased minds [metaphoric use of the term disease], and tend to restore them to a better state. Not until the breath leaves their bodies should we cease to labour and wrestle for their salvation. But when they have reached a certain point access to their fellow men should be forbidden. Between them and the wide world there should be reared an impassable barrier, which once passed should be recrossed no more for ever. Such a course must be wiser than allowing them to go in and out among their fellows, carrying with them the contagion of moral leprosy, and multiplying a progeny doomed before its ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/in-darkest-england-and-the-way-out-william-booth-1890ad.htm

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72: Memories Dreams Reflections, Carl Gastav Jung, 1961 AD
...That was when I learned what a neurosis is." He clearly place too much weight on the interpretation of dreams. Like embryonic recapitulation, Jung believed that "archetypal" experiences of evolutionary ancestors was embedded in the unconscious that affected how one behaved and thought in the present. These vestigial archetypal remnants of the past evolutionary forms was to Jung, the cause of insanity and neurosis but was in fact as bizarre as Freud's view that insanity was caused by childhood sexual trauma while breastfeeding. Apart from the anomalies of dream interpretation and ancestral archetypes, Jung's approach to "treating" the insane was to look for a rational cause for behaviours. Jung clearly rejected the idea that insanity was a physical disease. "As a neurosis starts from a fragmentary state of human consciousness, it can only be cured by an approximative totality of the human being. ... Such a cure cannot be effected by pills and injections." Jung also understood that ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/carl-gastav-jung-memories-dreams-reflections-1961ad.htm

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73: British Psychiatry at 150, J. Birley, Lancet, 1991 AD
British Psychiatry at 150, J. Birley, Lancet, 1991 AD "Though 'tis hopeless to reclaim them, scorpion rods perhaps may tame them" Jonathan Swift. In 1841 British psychiatry became organised. The Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane was founded after the initiative of Dr Samuel Hitch, Resident Physician of Gloucester General Lunatic Asylum--an inspired moment that gave him a brief but significant place in psychiatric history. The Association did not persist with its mouthful of a title: in 1865 its name was changed to the Medico-Psychological Association, which achieved royal patronage in 1926 before undergoing its latest metamorphosis to the Royal College of Psychiatrists in 1971. The College has marked this first 150 years of British psychiatry with a celebratory volume.(n1) The doctors who met to found the association in 1841 were not the most respected members of their profession. While asylums grew apace in the reign of Queen Victoria and were ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/british-psychiatry-at-150-j-birley-lancet-1991ad.htm

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74: Cosmic Consciousness, Richard Maurice Bucke, 1901 AD
... Walt Whitman, Carpenter. (He obviously viewed himself as the 15th) When his idol, mentor and fellow humanist, Walt Whitman died, he proclaimed, "The Christ is dead!" and dedicated his book to Whitman as possessing "The Most Exalted Moral Nature". He was also communist who looked forward to the classic Marxist "utopia" where religion would vanish when in the future every man will be his own god: "all religions known and named today will be melted down ... Each soul will feel and know itself to be immortal". Although the son of a church minister, he had very confused religious views that were a mix of atheism, humanism, Bahai, Buddhism, John Lennon, Shirley Maclaine while firmly parroting (but disbelieving) the Christian doctrine of conscious life after death. Speaking to his deceased son in 1899, he echoes what his father taught him: "Only a little while now and we shall be again together and with us those other noble and well-beloved souls gone before. I am sure I shall meet you and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/cosmic-consciousness-richard-maurice-bucke-1901ad.htm

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75: Report From The Committee On Madhouses In England, 1815 AD
West Riding magistrate Godfrey Higgins. The committee was chaired by George Rose, who had campaigned for many years for more effective regulation of madhouses. Witnesses before the inquiry included not only Wakefield and Higgins but James Veitch, a naval staff surgeon; William Finch and Thomas Bakewell, who ran asylums in Salisbury and Staffordshire respectively; Samuel Tuke, who reported on the York Retreat; James Bevan, an architect; Richard Stavely, a relative of the recently deceased James Tilly Matthews; and many of the current office holders of Bethlem Hospital, among them John Haslam, the apothecary, and Thomas Monro, the physician, both of whom lost their posts as a result of the findings. The cases of Norris and Matthews were subjects of particular concern for the committee, and the death of a patient called Fowler, referred to as 'hushed up' by Urbane Metcalf in his The Interior of Bethlehem Hospital, was raised in the questioning of John Haslam. Both Monro and Haslam were ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/report-from-the-committee-on-madhouses-in-england-1815ad.htm

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76: Sanity and Insanity, Charles Arthur Mercier, 1890 AD
... Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Send us your story about your experience with modern Psychiatry Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/sanity-and-insanity-charles-arthur-mercier-1890ad.htm

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77: The Heart of Being Helpful, Peter Breggin, 1997 AD
...The Heart of Being Helpful, Peter Breggin, 1997 AD. p 64) "I am also against involuntary or coercive treatment on ethical, therapeutic, and scientific grounds. I believe it's wrong to lock up people "for their own good." It also doesn't help. After several hundred years of coercive psychiatry, there is not a single study to indicate that involuntary hospitalization helps patients. Instead of empowering people, forced treatment encourages helplessness and breeds resentment." (The Heart of Being Helpful, Peter Breggin, 1997 AD. p 171) "My intention is not to promote or to criticize organized religion, although I do wish it would not relegate the "curing of souls" to psychiatry." (The Heart of Being Helpful, Peter Breggin, 1997 AD. p 65) "In psychiatry, the reverse attitude is almost always taken. If the person seeking help remains depressed or anxious despite the psychiatrist's best effort to provide psychotherapy, the psychiatrist will almost invariably recommend drugs. The assumption ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/the-heart-of-being-helpful-peter-breggin-1997ad.htm

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78: Hysteria: Great blunders in the history of psychiatry
Hysteria is pure "classic" Junk science. Psychiatry is Junk science Saying to a woman, "stop being hysterical" is charged with historic misogynistic sexism. You can thank psychiatrists. Click to View Click to View Snapshot: Hysteria is a behaviour choice for personal profit. Hysteria has been dropped as a word from the DSM-IV because of its direct connection with the uterus. However, there are many new categories that are essentially identical. Click to View See also: History of Psychiatry homepage Click to View A husband who blinds his wife: "A case occurred in which a wife, though she had the normal use of her eyesight for every other purpose, was unable to see her husband at all." (Karin Stephen, 1889-1953, The Wish to Fall Ill: A Study of Psychoanalysis and Medicine, p 7) Click to View A. Snapshot summary: The blood line of modern psychiatry is one of humiliation and shame to the modern industry. Psychiatrists transformed witches into hysterics and then into the mental illnesses ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-mental-illness-myths-hysteria.htm

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79: A treatise of vapours or hysterick fits, John Purcell, 1707 AD
... Cases of the epilepsy, hysteric fits, and St. Vitus dance, with the process of cure, 1746. From the `numbers of diseased Objects' who resorted to his London Infirmary he decided `to turn this great Opportunity to the Advantage of the Public, by making proper Observations upon the Operation of Medicines . . . And as Epilepsies and Hysteric Fits are of late become very frequent, and reduce the unhappy Person labouring under them to the most deplorable Condition; I therefore publish here, by Way of Essay, divers Cases, by whose Example the Reader will see the Method I treated them with, and its Success'. His cases included `Epilepsia Cursiva', 'Epileptic Fits from a Fright', `. . . after a Fever', `. . . from Pregnancy', `. . . from a Blow on the Head', `. . . from Worms', `. . . from Grief and Trouble', `. .. from Fright', 'Hereditary Syncope' and 'Palsy and Convulsions'." (300 years of Psychiatry, Richard Hunter, 1963, p288) A treatise of vapours or hysterick fits, John Purcell, 1707 AD ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/a-treatise-of-vapours-or-hysterick-fits-john-purcell-1707ad.htm

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80: Interactive Bible Home Page www.bible.ca
How to Be Saved You need the blood of Christ! Here is how to apply it to your soul! 2. The Bible is God's Inspired Book! Do you really believe the Bible is Inspired? 3. Interactive Bible study series lessons where you learn Bible truths while on line for yourself. Anyone can understand what the Bible says. It is fun!!! 4. Fundamental Bible Doctrines What the Bible teaches on doctrinal subjects 5. Do you know what your church teaches: Official teachings of almost every church. 6. Sin and Morality How God expects you to live to get to heaven. 7. Searching for New Testament Christianity Seek and you will find! 8. Family Life Marriage, parenting, teens, dating, loneliness, low-self esteem etc. 9. The Supernatural God, Holy Spirit, angels, demons, Deity of Christ, heaven, hell, soul, spirit 10. Expository Files: Bible book outlines. 11. Evangelism 12. Bible prophecy 13. Psychiatry, Mental illness, Anxiety and Depression 14. Commentary on the book of Revelation 15. Holy Spirit: Tongues have ... ...
https://www.bible.ca/

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81: A treatise on insanity: in which are contained the Principles ...
Philippe Pinel would rise up today and oppose the chemical psychiatrists who believe insanity is a chemical imbalance of the brain, that insanity is incurable. He would object to labeling the insane as biological misfits for life because it unnecessarily robs the soul of all hope. "Pinel's liberation of the mental patient should thus be viewed as social reform rather than as innovation in medical treatment." (The Myth of Mental Illness, Thomas Szasz, 1961 AD, p23) Click to View Click to View See also: History of Psychiatry homepage Introduction: In 1806 AD, Philippe Pinel, doctor for the Bicetre Asylum in France, gets our gold star of achievement of all the major mad house doctors. Pinel correctly understanding that insanity was a spiritual problem, not an organic/physical problem with the brain. Instead of drugs, he cured insanity by "moral treatments". "My faith in pharmaceutic preparations was gradually lessened, and my scepticism went at length so far, as to induce me never to have ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/a-treatise-on-insanity-philippe-pinel-1806ad.htm

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82: Anatomy of an Epidemic, Robert Whitaker, 2010 AD
Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Send us your story about your experience with modern Psychiatry Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/anatomy-of-an-epidemic-robert-whitaker-2010ad.htm

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83: Practical observations on insanity, Joseph Mason Cox, 1811 AD
The swing became a treatment of choice for 100 years in various. Many different machines were invented to spin people into motion sickness so they would vomit. This was a proven method of curing insanity. It worked by making people feel miserable and break down their will to engage in "insane behaviors". Cox described the swing as, "both a moral [discipline] and medical mean in the treatment of maniacs." It was widely used and believed to be the preferred treatment to cure insanity: "Though we cannot accurately explain in what way the best remedies promote relief in madness, yet we have the most unequivocal proofs that those which occasion a degree of vertigo, often contribute to correct the morbid state of the intellect, and no one of them is so well calculated to produce this effect as the swing." The swing spun an insane, uncontrollable and obstinate person in a straitjacket until motion sickness, vomiting, unconsciousness and shock set in. When they began begging to get out of the ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/practical-observations-on-insanity-joseph-mason-cox-1811ad.htm

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84: Experimenta & Observationes Physicae, Robert Boyle, 1691 AD
Massacre all that were in it. This so amaz'd and terrifi'd the People, that in very great and disorderly hast, they all ran out of the Church, and left my Relator in his Pew upon a Seat that they plac'd him, and whence he could not remove without help : But he being no less frighted than the rest, as they forgot him, he forgot his Disease, and made a shift to hamper off the Pew, and follow those that fled; but it quickly appearing, that the Alarum had been a false one, his Friends began to think in what a condition they had left him, and hasten'd back to help him out of the Pew, which whilst they were going to do, they, to their great surprise found him in the way upon his feet, and walking as freely as other Men. And when he told me this Story, he was above forty years Elder than when he was thus strangely rescu'd, and in all that time, never had one Fit of the Sciatica." (Experimenta & Observationes Physicae, Robert Boyle, 1691 AD) "It is little known that Boyle, chemist and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/experimenta-and-observationes-physicae-robert-boyle-1691ad.htm

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85: How does Torture and Coercion cure inanity? Introduction to the ...
How does Torture and Coercion cure inanity? Click to View Insanity is a behaviour choice. Torture changes the will. Click to View Click to View See also: History of Psychiatry homepage Introduction: Psychiatrists have always used coercion or torture to cure insanity. Coercion is still widely used in both Canada and the USA. The use of torture came to an end about 1940. We are totally opposed to using any coercion or torture in the "treatment" of insanity. However, it is clear from the record of history, that torture did cure mental illness. The question is: "How does torture cure insanity?" The answer is simple: Insanity is a behaviour choice not a disease. The whole idea of "curing" insanity is ridiculous at its core. It is like saying that you are going to "cure" someone of chronic lying or adultery. Insanity is a behaviour just like lying and adultery. You don't cure people of behaviours with drugs, you persuade them by appealing to their conscience. For a chemical psychiatrist, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-history-cures-coercion-torture.htm

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86: Humoral imbalances caused insanity: Insanity treatments: Blood ...
Rudolf Virchow discovered the cell. Humoral doctors believed health was based upon the balance of the four humors. At its core, humoral medicine is pure quackery. Nothing in this 2400 year old understanding of medicine was correct as to the cause of disease. Whereas all medical doctors swear the "Hippocratic Oath" to "do no harm", the paradox is that Hippocratic "humoral" medicine always caused much harm, suffering, pain and death. If I were a doctor today, I would refuse to swear an oath invented by a pagan Greek who in fact "did much harm". The oath starts "I swear by Apollo". Swearing allegiance to a demon who wants only to hurt and harm humanity, is an abomination. Anything connected with demons is not going to be good. "The writings of historians, physicians, journalists, and others addressing the history of psychiatry rest on three erroneous premises: that so-called mental diseases exist, that they are diseases of the brain, and that the incarceration of "dangerous" mental ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-humoral-hippocratic-medicine-hippocrates-four-humors-450bc-1858ad-melanchol-blood-depression.htm

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87: Phantasmata or Illusions and Fanaticisms, Richard Robert Madden ...
... The infirmities of genius, 1833, 2 vols.) with a philanthropic concern for the welfare of the underprivileged and maltreated whether they were Jamaican negroes, Australian aborigines or starving Irish peasantry. This led him to undertake this historicosociological study 'of some of the principal Epidemic Disorders of the Mind, which have formerly prevailed in Europe' in order to determine the circumstances under which such epidemics arose, and especially to what extent they were dependent on ignorance, superstition and the backwardness of the masses, as 'It is said that, "man ignorant and uncivilised, is a ferocious, sensual, and superstitious savage" '. But contrary to what was generally believed Madden found that 'The greatest fanaticisms this world ever saw have not originated with the poor, the unenlightened and uneducated; they have originated with the educated classes, with those who do not labour manually for their bread'; and behind the veneer of intellect and education he saw ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/phantasmata-or-illusions-and-fanaticisms-richard-robert-madden-1857ad.htm

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88: Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting, Sir Charles ...
... Bethlem Hospital in July 1805. It is an impressive record of what at that time was the prevailing character and physiognomy of a madman' and together with Bell's description (`the violence of a madman arises from fear') drives home forcibly the effects of harsh and repressive treatment and restraint and how these produced violent patients and raving lunatics, a notion of typical insanity unfortunately left in the public mind long after the system which produced such patients ceased to exist. Incidentally 'These Essays' wrote Bell's widow in the preface to the third edition now entitled "The anatomy and philosophy of expression as connected with the fine arts", 1844, 'formed the earliest and the latest occupation of the lamented author's leisure hours'. And his brother G. J. Bell added that it was 'in tracing the causes of movements in the countenance and in the frame of the body under the influence of passion or emotion' that Bell 'engaged in a very careful inquiry into the origin, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/essays-on-the-anatomy-of-expression-in-painting-sir-charles-bell-1806ad.htm

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89: A new book entitled the government of health, William Bullein ...
What pleasure hath a condemned man in music, or a dead man in phisicke? Nothing at all God knoweth. 0 'how many men have been caste away by thought, and most for loss of estimation, and some of other affections of the mind, as inordinate love, or coveting things that they can not gain, or obtaining those things that they can not keep, or ire of men's prosperity or good happy." (William Bullein, A new book entitled the government of health, 1558 AD) A newe booke entituled the governement of healthe, 1558 London, Day folios 52-3 WILLIAM BULLEIN ( ?-1576) Divine, physician and botanist FOR THE PASSIONS OF THE MYNDE GOOD COUNSEL The great pains and secrete grieves that disquieted minds, do daily sustain, bee not muche unlike unto the infernal torments, that the wicked do feel: Physicke unto an extreme troubled mind (say what they list:) helpeth as little, as to apply a plaister to the breaste, or head, of a dead body, to revocate the spirites of life or soul again. The syckenes of the body ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/a-new-book-entitled-the-governement-of-health-william-bullein-1558ad.htm

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90: Brain damage: Lobotomy: Psychosurgery, Bilateral Stereotactic ...
Rosemary Kennedy (John F Kennedy's sister) when was 23. Rosemary was asked to sing while the knife cut brain tissue. She continued to sing, so he cut more until suddenly, she stopped singing and never sang again. Rosemary suffered permanent brain damage and was left in a vegetative state until she died natural causes at the age of 86 in 2005. Rosemary Kennedy is a prime historic example of deliberately inflicting brain damage. "Lobotomy is synonymous with brain damage: it is intentional brain damage, just as cutting-off the hands of pickpockets is intentional hand damage." (Coercion as Cure, Thomas Szasz, 2007 AD, p 170) B. Lobotomy given new names: When a business gets a bad reputation, they change the name to hide the same old bad management from its bad reputation. This is exactly what psychiatrists have done with lobotomy. They have given the same old brain damaging proceedure new names like: Psychosurgery, Bilateral Stereotactic Surgery, Cingulotomy, Limbic Leucotomy. "Personally, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-harms-damages-society-lobotomy-psychosurgery-bilateral-stereotactic-surgery-cingulotomy-limbic-leucotomy-cerebral-spaying.htm

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91: Textbook of Disturbances of Mental Life, Johann Christian August ...
...Anyone imprisoned by passion is unfree and unhappy. The man who is fettered by passion deceives himself about external objects and about himself. This illusion, and the consequent error, is called madness. Madness is a disease of the reason and not of the soul, but it originates from the passion within the soul." Heinroth understood that the mind can make the body sick and the body can affect the way one feels, he believed that in the majority of cases, insanity was caused by the soul alone. "no longer inquire if the soul disturbances are bodily affections (we fully agree that they cannot take place without a bodily affection, but just as firmly deny that their source is in the body) ... For the same reason, the totality of mental disturbances must not be denoted as diseases of the soul organ, because even though the entire body, which is certainly a soul organ, is able to give rise to mental diseases, in the great majority of cases it is not the body but the soul itself from which ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/textbook-of-disturbances-of-mental-life-or-the-disturbances-of-the-soul-and-their-treatment-johann-christian-august-heinroth-1818ad.htm

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92: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Mental Illness ...
The brain is an electric organ that runs on 1/10th of a single volt. TMS shocks the brain with 100 times that voltage through magnetic induction coils. "The most obvious and dangerous side effect of rTMS is the induction of epileptic seizures, and experience shows that currently available equipment is powerful enough to produce them readily." (Transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical psychiatry, Mark S. George, Robert H. Belmaker, 2007 AD, p 31) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) generates electricity about 2 inches inside the brain with electromagnets and is a milder, gentler form of ECT (Electro-convulsive shock therapy). The entire theory underlying TMS in psychiatry is a form of neo-phrenology, that wrongly believed different parts of the brain can be specifically mapped to single emotions or moods. TMS applies electricity to these "emotion centers" of the brain in an effort to modify those emotions. They use the exact language of phrenology, but in modern ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-mental-illness-depression-brain-electro-shock-treatments-rTMS-repetitive-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation.htm

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93: Ontological trichotomy of man: Spirit, Soul and Body
Insanity is thought, mood and behaviour. Thought behavior really exists as real energy, but it has no physical component. Thoughts cannot be measured or seen, but are part of the spirit world where God exists. Thought are real, but they are not physical." Thoughts are energy, but they are not part of the periodic table. There are no body chemicals that represent thought or mood. Behaviours are thoughts, moods that can control and manifest themselves in our physical body. Understanding this is simple Christian doctrine from the Bible is the fundamental flaw in chemical psychiatry. Christians know that man has a dichotomous ontology and that we consciously survive death in the spirit world. Ontology is the mechanical makeup of man with separate spirit and body. Dichotomy simply means two separate kinds of parts. A chestnut is a monochotomous seed with a single part, but a peanut is a dichotomous seed that can be broken into two halves. Man is dichotomous because he is half spirit and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-human-ontological-dichotomy-of-man-dichotomous-body-spirit-memory-conscience-freewill-personality-mood-choice-behaviour.htm

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94: Daimonomageia. A small treatise of sicknesses and diseases from ...
Christians for Biblical approaches to treatment. This meticulously detailed volume of dynamic real-life case studies is simply a "must read" for all clinical Psychiatrists, mental health care professionals and Christians interested in expert opinion on today's treatment approaches. Psychiatric students, educators, and practitioners-as well as social workers, nurses, medical physicians, and interested laypersons-will find this unique volume of inestimable value in their day-to-day work. The case of "Bewitched" (Multiple Personality Disorder: MPD) Multiple Personality Disorder Click to View The case of "Bewitched" Biopsychiatric labels DSM-5 Schizophrenia, delusion, paranoia, multiple personality disorder Checklist Behaviours DSM-7 Deception, lying, violence, rebellion, slandering her father Insights MMPI-7 Quick Pick EDS-7.1 Complaints: I feel Unhappy Self-disablement EDS-7.2 Unable to do household chores Chemical imbalance EDS-7.3 No. Never ingested opium. Although before the era of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-mental-illness-casebook-of-biblical-psychiatry-real-cases-book-treatment-companion-bewitched-daimonomageia-a-small-treatise-of-sicknesses-and-diseases-from-witchcraft-william-drage-1665ad.htm

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95: Practical Observations on the Causes and Cure of Insanity, William ...
Remember that John Monro raved about vomits as a cure for insanity. "The circulating swing erected in our asylum, appears to be improvement on the model suggested by Doctor Cox. It is worked by a windlass, and capable of being revolved a hundred times in a minute" ... "from repeated trials, I can confidently declare, that its efficacy, to the extent alleged by Doctor Cox, appears to be incontrovertibly ascertained" ... "This method of subduing furious maniacs, has succeeded in an admirable manner". Hallaran was the primary doctor for a major asylum and testified boldly that the swing cured the insane to his surprise! "The advantages to be derived from the swing, in the intermitting form of insanity, cannot be too highly estimated. Several proofs of its superior efficacy have come within my observation, where, immediately on the approach of the paroxysm, the symptoms had nearly subsided on the first effort." The key was to bring those who are out of control, into submission: "I have ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/practical-observations-on-the-causes-and-cure-of-insanity-william-saunders-hallaran-1818ad.htm

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96: Essays on physiognomy, J. C. Lavater, 1789 AD
...Essays on physiognomy, J. C. Lavater, 1789 AD) Click to View Essays on physiognomy, J. C. Lavater, 1789 AD Click to View FIG. 106 Engraving of an idiot (possibly a cretin) from J. C. Lavater's Essays on physiognomy, 1789 (translated by T. Holcroft), London, Robinson, vol. 3, plate 36. Engraving of an Idiot The commentary reads : 'The mouth and nose of this idiot have not lost the national character [Swiss], though he is not so natively stupid as to be incapable of being taught, or of any unexpected or original thought. There are decisive marks of stupidity . . . in the eyebrows, the vacant eye, the cavity between the forehead and nose, and, particularly, in the mouth, chin, and neck. I should have discovered folly even in the wrinkles of the cheek'. Physiognomony, or, as more shortly written Physiognomy is the science or knowledge of the correspondence between the external and internal man, the visible superficies and the invisible contents' : this is why pictures of idiots and ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/essays-on-physiognomy-j-c-lavater-1789ad.htm

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97: The Myth Of Psychotherapy, Thomas Szasz, 1979 AD
...All passion," Heinroth asserts, "is truly a state of human disease. . . . Passions form a very complex tissue in the human soul. For they are as varied as the object of desire and fear and the forms of existence and possession can be. But all have in common that they rob the soul which panders to them of peace and freedom. . . . Anyone imprisoned by passion is unfree and unhappy."7 Edmund Burke also said this; he said it earlier and without metaphorizing moral unfreedom as medical disease. Johann Christian Heinroth 71 Heinroth and those who have followed him have insisted on such a medical metaphorization and on taking the metaphor literally. In Heinroth's writing, however, the metaphorical character of passion as tissue and of sin as disease is still undisguised enough to be easily visible. Henceforth, the smoke screen laid down by the dreadnoughts of medical metaphorization become thicker and more impenetrable, effectively concealing the true contours of "madness" from the eyes of ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/the-myth-of-psychotherapy-thomas-szasz-1979ad.htm

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98: A treatise of melancholie, Timothy Bright, 1586 AD
... Steve Rudd: Contact the author for comments, input or corrections. Send us your story about your experience with modern Psychiatry Click to View Go To Start: WWW.BIBLE.CA ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/a-treatise-of-melancholie-timothy-bright-1586ad.htm

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99: (Diagnosis, Guardianship, and Residential Care of the Mentally ...
... Exactly what could a doctor do to treat these people? Nothing! However, if they had received a blow to the head or suffered from some disease or poising that induced dementia, they were the first to be called in, being an obvious medical matter. There were also cons who claimed, like modern psychiatrists, to be able to cure a person of annoying and antisocial behaviours that others disliked. It is clear that in 1300 AD as in today, that there were people who had nothing wrong with their bodies who became dependant and the courts appointed a close relative as a kind of power of attorney in order to protect themselves and their families from financial ruin. There are always reasons for human behaviour only God reads the hearts and only Christ can provide peace, hope, forgiveness, purpose and joy! Steve Rudd (Diagnosis, Guardianship, and Residential Care of the Mentally Ill in Medieval and Early Modern England, Richard Neugebauer, American Journal of Psychiatry Dec 1989 AD) Diagnosis, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/diagnosis-guardianship-and-residential-care-of-the-mentally-ill-in-medieval-and-early-modern-england-richard-neugebauer-american-journal-of-psychiatry-dec-1989ad.htm

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100: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 450 volts @ .9 amps for 6 seconds ...
With ECT people undergo 5 - 20 shocks over several weeks. The shock is enormous and uses 450 volts DC in pulsed square waves at a current of .9 Amps for 6 seconds. ECT is a form of electric lobotomy. A single ECT treatment passes enough electricity through your brain to light an 84 watt light bulb for 6 seconds or a 500 watt halogen light for 1 second. ECT has been documented to cause death, strokes and tissue damage. "PA-PSRS has received five reports of patients experiencing skin burns or injuries from a fire during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments. ... in the report of a fire, a bright flash and flames were noted on the right side of the patient's head at the instant that the ECT shock was given. Though the flames were quickly extinguished, the patient experienced first and second-degree burns on one ear and first-degree burns on the forehead above one eye." (Skin Burns and Fires during Electroconvulsive Therapy Treatments, PA-PSRS Pennsylvania Patient Safety Advisory, ... ...
...https://www.bible.ca/psychiatry/psychiatry-harms-damages-society-ECT-electroconvulsive-therapy-shock-treatments-thymatron-dgx-ectron-series-mecta.htm

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