Every so often, it is beneficial for us to look deeper into the text of the
Bible. Although it is not necessary for one to be a student of the languages of
the Bible in order to understand it, a cursory examination can instill within us
a vividness and appreciation for the Holy Spirit-inspired words. There has been
some confusion surrounding 1 Corinthians 3:16. The confusion arises when trying
to determine if Paul meant individual Christians (their physical bodies) or the
entire church when he referred to the “temple.” A brief study will show that
Paul was paying a very large compliment to God’s people as he was attempting to
teach the Corinthian brethren the importance of the temple of God.
Naos, which is the word for “temple,” is in the nominative case. The nominative
case is generally used to indicate the subject of a sentence or a predicate
nominative (the object of a linking verb or verb of being). This, along with the
word order (subject-verb) in the clause, shows that naos receives the emphasis.
Another significant term is oidate which is a perfect-active-indicative with the
meaning “to know.” Rienecker says, “The negative (ouk oidate) introducing the
question expects the answers yes” (p. 395). The International Critical
Commentary states that the “question implies a rebuke. The Corinthians are so
carnal that they have never grasped, or have failed to retain, so fundamental a
doctrine as that of the indwelling of the Spirit” (p. 66). Oidate is also
plural, which indicates that the word represents the entire body of Christians
at Corinth.
“Temple” as an anarthrous or a word without the definite article. This would
render “temple” as “a temple” instead of a specific temple. The International
Critical Commentary says that it is “not ‘a temple of God,’ but ‘God’s temple’”
(p. 66). Vine states that naos means a “shrine or sanctuary” (p. 1138). It
generally denoted the inner sanctuary where only the priests could go. Rienecker
adds that naos means “temple, dwelling place of a deity, the inward shrine or
sanctuary. The reference is to the one temple of Jerusalem and there may be an
allusion to the dissensions which are corrupting God’s temple” (p. 395).
Thayer gives the definition of naos as “the temple at Jerusalem, but only of the
sacred edifice (or sanctuary) itself, consisting of the Holy place and the Holy
of holies” (p. 422). He further adds that naos is used metaphorically of a
“company of Christians” (p. 422). Earle says, “In a sense it could be said that
the Christians together constituted God’s dwelling place in Corinth. What a high
view of the local church” (p. 221)!
Naos occurs 46 times in the New Testament. It is used figuratively in several
different fashions in the New Testament: in Acts 17:24, it is used as an
idolatrous shrine; in Luke 1:9, 21-22, it is used as the temple sanctuary; in
John 2:19, it is used of Christ’s physical body; in Ephesians 2:21 and 1
Corinthians 3:16-17, it is used of the church; and in Revelation 21:22, it is
used of the God and Christ as the temple in the New Jerusalem.
A significant synonym for “temple” in the New Testament is hieron. This term is
used 70 times in the New Testament; however, it is never used figuratively. Vine
says this term signified the “entire building with its precincts” (p. 1138).
Thayer adds that hieron designates “the whole compass of the sacred enclosure,
embracing the entire aggregate of buildings, balconies, porticoes, courts (viz.
that of the men or Israelites, that of the women, that of the priests),
belonging to the temple” (p. 299). All of the occurrences are in the gospels and
Acts, with the exception of one occurrence in 1 Corinthians 9:13. We read of
Christ teaching “in the temple” (Matthew 26:55; Luke 11:37; John 8:20), but we
sometimes do not realize how long discussions could have occurred without
interrupting the temple service. This “temple” is the hieron, the porches and
porticoes surrounding the Holy Place. The Lord never entered the naos the during
His time on earth; nor, being “made under the law” (Galatians 4:4), could He
have done so, because the right to enter was reserved for the priests.
The use of naos in 1 Corinthians 3:16 to represent the Lord’s church is truly
special. The International Critical Commentary says, “As a metaphor for the
Divine indwelling, the ‘naos,’ which contained the Holy of Holies, is more
suitable than ‘hieron,’ which included the whole of the sacred enclosure” (p.
66). Paul uses this term to show the deep nature of God’s relationship to His
church. He dwells in the temple of the heart, a “Most Holy Place” if you will,
not in temples made with hands (Acts 17:24). When Christians follow the truth,
God dwells in us richly and we are a “spiritual house” offering “spiritual
sacrifices” to God (1 Peter 2:5). The Jew looked upon the tabernacle and temple
with great respect, and Christians should have the same respect for the church.
By Kyle Campbell
From Expository Files 15.11; November 2008
