HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH*

 

 

contents

 

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THIRD PERIOD

 

THE CHURCH IN UNION WITH THE ROMAN EMPIRE

 

FROM CONSTANTINE THE GREAT TO GREGORY THE GREAT. a.d. 311-590.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 1. Introduction and General View.

 

CHAPTER I.

 

DOWNFALL OF HEATHENISM AND VICTORY OF CHRISTIANITY N THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 2. Constantine The Great. a.d. 306-337.

§ 3. The Sons of Constantine. a.d. 337-361.

§ 4. Julian the Apostate, and the Reaction of Paganism. a.d. 361-363.

§ 5. From Jovian to Theodosius. a.d. 363-392.

§ 6. Theodosius the Great and his Successors. a.d. 392-550.

§ 7. The Downfall of Heathenism.

 

CHAPTER II. THE LITERARY TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY OVER GREEK AND ROMAN HEATHENISM.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 8. Heathen Polemics. New Objections.

§ 9. Julian's Attack upon Christianity.

§ 10. The Heathen Apologetic Literature.

§ 11. Christian Apologists and Polemics.

§ 12. Augustine's City of God. Salvianus.

 

CHAPTER III.

ALLIANCE OF CHURCH AND STATE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PUBLIC MORALS AND RELIGION.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 13. The New Position of the, Church in the Empire.

§ 14. Rights and Privileges of the Church. Secular Advantages.

§ 15. Support of the Clergy.

§ 16. Episcopal Jurisdiction and Intercession.

§ 17. Legal Sanction of Sunday.

§ 18. Influence of Christianity on Civil Legislation. The Justinian Code.

§ 19. Elevation of Woman and the Family.

§ 20. Social Reforms. The Institution of Slavery.

§ 21. Abolition of Gladiatorial Shows.

§ 22. Evils of the Union of Church and State. Secularization of the Church.

§ 23. Worldliness and Extravagance.

§ 24. Byzantine Court Christianity.

§ 25. Intrusion of Politics into Religion.

§ 26. The Emperor-Papacy and the Hierarchy.

§ 27. Restriction of Religious Freedom, and Beginnings of Persecution of Heretics.

 

CHAPTER IV.

MONASTICISM.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 28. Origin of Christian Monasticism. Comparison with other forms of Asceticism.

§ 29. Development of Monasticism.

§ 30. Nature and Aim of Monasticism.

§ 31. Monasticism and the Bible.

§ 32. Lights and Shades of Monastic Life.

§ 33. Position of Monks in the Church.

§ 34. Influence and Effect of Monasticism.

§ 35. Paul of Thebes and St. Anthony.

§ 36. Spread of Anchoretism. Hilarion.

§ 37. St. Symeon and the Pillar Saints.

§ 38. Pachomius and the Cloister life.

§ 39. Fanatical and Heretical Monastic Societies in The East.

§ 40. Monasticism in the West. Athanasius, Ambrose, Augustine, Martin of Tours.

§ 41. St. Jerome as a Monk.

§ 42. St. Paula.

§ 43. Benedict of Nursia.

§ 44. The Rule of St. Benedict.

§ 45. The Benedictines. Cassiodorus.

§ 46. Opposition to Monasticism. Jovinian.

§ 47. Helvidius, Vigilantius, and Aerius.

 

CHAPTER V.

THE HIERARCHY AND POLITY OF THE CHURCH.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 48. Schools of the Clergy.

§ 49. Clergy and Laity. Elections.

§ 50. Marriage and Celibacy of the Clergy.

§ 51. Moral Character of the Clergy in general.

§ 52. The Lower Clergy.

§ 53. The Bishops.

§ 54. Organization of the Hierarchy: Country Bishop, City Bishops, and Metropolitans.

§ 55. The Patriarchs.

§ 56. Synodical Legislation on the Patriarchal Power and Jurisdiction.

§ 57. The Rival Patriarchs of Old and New Rome.

§ 58. The Latin Patriarch.

§ 59. Conflicts and Conquests of the Latin Patriarchate.

§ 60. The Papacy.

§ 61. Opinions of the Fathers.

§ 62. The Decrees of Councils on the Papal Authority.

§ 63. Leo the Great. a.d. 440-461.

§ 64. The Papacy from Leo I to Gregory I. a.d. 461-590.

§ 65. The Synodical System. The Ecumenical Councils.

§ 66. List of the Ecumenical Councils of the Ancient Church,

§ 67. Books of Ecclesiastical Law.

 

CHAPTER VI.

CHURCH DISCIPLINE AND SCHISMS.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 68. Decline of Discipline.

§ 69. The Donatist Schism. External History.

§ 70. Augustine and the Donatists. Their Persecution and Extinction.

§ 71. Internal History of the Donatist Schism. Dogma of the Church.

§ 72. The Roman Schism of Damasus and Ursinus.

§ 73. The Meletian Schism at Antioch.

 

CHAPTER VII.

PUBLIC WORSHIP AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 74. The Revolution in Cultus.

§ 75. The Civil and Religious Sunday.

§ 76. The Church Year.

§ 77. The Christmas Cycle.

§ 78. The Easter Cycle.

§ 79. The Time of the Easter Festival.

§ 80. The Cycle of Pentecost.

§ 81. The Exaltation of the Virgin Mariology.

§ 82. Mariolatry.

§ 83. The Festivals of Mary.

§ 84. The Worship of Martyrs and Saints.

§ 85. Festivals of the Saints.

§ 86. The Christian Calendar. The Legends of the Saints. The Acta Sanctorum.

§ 87. Worship of Relics. Dogma of the Resurrection. Miracles of Relics.

§ 88. Observations on the Miracles of the Nicene Age.

§ 89. Processions and Pilgrimages.

§ 90. Public Worship of the Lord's Day. Scripture-Reading and Preaching.

§ 91. The Sacraments in General.

§ 92. Baptism.

§ 93. Confirmation.

§ 94. Ordination.

§ 95. The Sacrament of the Eucharist.

§ 96. The Sacrifice of the Eucharist.

§ 97. The Celebration o f the Eucharist.

§ 98. The Liturgies. Their Origin and Contents.

§ 99. The Oriental Liturgies.

§ 100. The Occidental Liturgies.

§ 101. Liturgical Vestments.

 

CHAPTER VIII.

CHRISTIAN ART.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 102. Religion and Art.

§ 103. Church Architecture.

§ 104. The Consecration of Churches.

§ 105. Interior Arrangement of Churches.

§ 106. Architectural Style. The Basilicas.

§ 107. The Byzantine Style.

§ 108. Baptisteries. Grave-Chapels, and Crypts.

§ 109. Crosses and Crucifixes.

§ 110. Images of Christ.

§ 111. Images of Madonna and Saints.

§ 112. Consecrated Gifts.

§ 113. Church Poetry and Music.

§ 114. The Poetry of the Oriental Church.

§ 115. The Latin Hymn.

§ 116. The Latin Poets and Hymns.

 

CHAPTER IX.

THEOLOGY. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECUMENICAL ORTHODOXY.

 

Sources and Literature,

§ 117. General Observations. Doctrinal Importance of the Period. Influence of the Ancient Philosophy.

§ 118. Sources of Theology. Scripture and Tradition.

 

I. - The Trinitarian Controversies.

 

General Literature of the Arian Controversy.

§ 119. The Arian Controversy down to the Council of Nicaea, 318-325.

§ 120. The Council of Nicaea, 325.

§ 121. The Arian and Semi-Arian Reaction, a.d. 325-361.

§ 122. The Final Victory of Orthodoxy, and the Council of Constantinople, 381.

§ 123. The Theological Principles involved: Import of the Controversy.

§ 124. Arianism.

§ 125. Semi-Arianism.

§ 126. Revived Sabellianism. Marcellus and Photinus.

§ 127. The Nicene Doctrine of the Consubstantiality of the Son with the Father.

§ 128. The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit.

§ 129. The Nicene and Constantinopolitan Creed.

§ 130. The Nicene, Doctrine of the Trinity. The Trinitarian Terminology.

§ 131. The Post-Nicene Trinitarian Doctrine of Augustine.

§ 132. The Athanasian Creed.

 

II. - The Origenistic Controversies.

 

§133. The Orgenistic Controversy in Palestine. Epiphanius, Rufinus, and Jerome, a.d. 394-399.

§ 134. The Origenistic Controversy in Egypt and Constantinople. Theophilus and Chrysostom a.d. 399-407.

 

III. - The Christological Controversies.

 

§ 135. General View. Alexandrian and Antiochian Schools.

§ 136. The Apollinarian Heresy, a.d. 362-381.

§ 137. The Nestorian Controversy, a.d. 428-431.

§ 138. The Ecumenical Council of Ephesus, a.d. 431. The Compromise.

§ 139. The Nestorians.

§ 140. The Eutychian Controversy. The Council of Robbers, a.d. 449.

§ 141. The Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, a.d. 451.

§ 142. The Orthodox Christology—Analysis and Criticism.

§ 143. The Monophysite Controversies.

§ 144. The Three, Chapters, and the Fifth Ecumenical Council, a.d. 553.

§ 145. The Monophysite Sects: Jacobites, Copts, Abyssinians, Armenians, Maronites.

 

IV. - The Anthropological Controversies.

 

Works on the Pelagian Controversy in General.

§ 146. Character of the Pelagian Controversy.

§ 147. External History of the Pelagian Controversy, a.d. 411-431.

§ 148. The Pelagian Controversy in Palestine.

§ 149. Position of the Roman Church. Condemnation of Pelagianism.

§ 150. The Pelagian System: Primitive State and Freedom of Man; the Fall.

§ 151. The Pelagian System Continued: Doctrine, of Human Ability and Divine Grace.

§ 152. The Augustinian System: The Primitive State of Man, and Free Will.

§ 153. The Augustinian System: The Fall and its Consequences.

§ 154. The Augustinian System: Original Sin, and the Origin of the Human Soul.

§ 155. Arguments for the Doctrine of Original Sin and Hereditary Guilt.

§ 156. Answers to Pelagian Objections.

§ 157. Augustine's Doctrine of Redeeming Grace.

§ 158. The Doctrine of Predestination.

§ 159. Semi-Pelagianism.

§ 160. Victory of Semi-Augustinianism. Council of Orange, a.d. 529.

 

 CHAPTER X.

CHURCH FATHERS, AND THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE.

 

I.—The Greek Fathers.

 

§ 161. Eusebius of Caesarea.

§ 162. The Church Historians after Eusebius.

§ 163. Athanasius the Great.

§ 164. Basil the Great.

§ 165. Gregory of Nyssa.

§ 166. Gregory Nazianzen.

§ 167. Didymus of Alexandria.

§ 168. Cyril of Jerusalem.

§ 169. Epiphanius.

§ 170. John Chrysostom.

§ 171. Cyril of Alexandria.

§ 172. Ephraem the Syrian.

 

II.—The Latin Fathers.

 

§ 173. Lactantius.

§ 174. Hilary of Poitiers.

§ 175. Ambrose.

§ 176. Jerome as a Divine and Scholar.

§ 177. The Works of Jerome.

§ 178. Augustine.

§ 179. The Works of Augustine.

§ 180. The Influence of Augustine upon Posterity and his Relation to Catholicism and Protestantism.

 

Alphabetical Index to the Second and Third Volumes,

 

Appendix to the Revised Edition of 1884. Addenda et Corrigenda.

 

Alphabetical Index to the Third Volume.

 

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